An Approach Of Scientific And Non Scientific Knowledge Philosophy Essay

An Approach Of Scientific And Non Scientific Knowledge Philosophy Essay The main Objective of this paper is that the difference between Scientific and Non -Scientific Knowledge and Examine the boundary is there between these two. In order to prove all these things, we need to start from the basic. So we start with definition , The Word Science comes from the latin word scientia known as knowledge .According to Websters New Collegiate Dictionary, the definition of science is knowledge attained through study or practice, or knowledge covering general truths of the operation of general laws, esp. as obtained and tested through scientific method and concerned with the physical world.[1]. Science refers to a system of acquiring knowledge. This system uses observation and experimentation to describe and explain natural phenomena. So, it is very difficult to provide a definite conclusion, to distinguish Science from non Science. Scientific Knowledge:- The Scientific knowledge is process of finding the actual knowledge through experiment and observation. It is logical and rational steps by through which scientists come to conclusion. Scientist use observation, hypotheses, theory, laws and deduction to make these conclusions. First learn the essential element of science by method of analysis. Characteristic of scientific knowledge lies on three factors objective, logical and systematic. It is transformation of deductive logic to hypothesis, then hypothesis to theory and theory to laws. These can achieve by learning from basic concept through assumption, variable, parameters and function forms [2]. Scientific hypotheses and theory are tested and verified by other Scientists, so that I can be accepted by the scientific community. Non Scientific Knowledge:- Non Scientific Knowledge is accessed via senses, intuition, revelation and experience. We know that, moving close to the fire will get hurt and burned. So, he or she gains the knowledge by physical sense seeing, sound, touch, smell and experience .Other gain knowledge by intuition and revelation. Intuition is the strong feeling or hunch and Revelation is supernatural source, such as god, divinity etc. knowledge obtained through experience, intuition, revelations are treated as private knowledge. Objective testing is not conducted on Non scientific methods. Non Scientific knowledge hold, that the world cannot be understood by science, but rather by religious revelations, mystical experience, or literary  deconstructionism [3]. Why we believe scientific knowledge rather than Non Scientific Knowledge? Scientific experiment can be repeated several times to prove the results are correct in all the cases of observation carried out. Scientific method uses method of trial and error. Trial and error is equivalent to scientific methods, Scientist use more details way of understanding of problem .Whereas in case of non scientific method, it is just prediction or forecasting the event with the help of hunch or strong feeling. This wont give the same result all the time. But there is no fundamental difference between two scientific and non Scientific(Barrow,1991) For Example, Car mechanic use his hunch to solve the problem arise in Car, but scientist solve same problem with details examination and causes for the problem. Sometimes Car mechanic can solve the problem so earlier than Scientist. From this, we cant predict scientific knowledge of no use. In order to prove this, Gallup Poll conducted survey in March 2001 among Americans, in topic -Creationism and evolution. In that survey nearly 57 % for Creationism, 33% for evolution and 10% are not sure about the problem (Gallup News Service, 2001). This shows the why scientific knowledge is credible? .first Unit covers, Science epistemological value and development of new Science. Best example is Physical Science, show why scientific knowledge is more credible and reliable knowledge than Non scientific knowledge. According to Lakatos, No scientific theories or hypothesis should be accepted without proper verification from other Scientist and Scientist community. Sir Isaac Newton who is the Father of Physics, so people had blind faith on him. Newton published the final version of his theory Opticks in 1704.Everyone accepted it without any reference and practical experiments (example for non Scientific knowledge). Same time, Christiaan Huygens proposed light was made of luminous particles called as ether .This made people to go against him, since his theory is against Newtons theory of Opticks. After Several years, Christiann Huygens theory was proved correct by Mr. Max Plancks Quantum theory and Albert Einsteins Theory of relativity through various experiment and observation [5]. How can we recognize the correct knowledge? By studying the history of the universe, it is possible to understand the natural hierarchical standard of the nature of organization (Bronowski, 1977). These levels are classified by stability, size and in built properties. These levels are made up of quantum, atomic and molecules of the universe (Silk, 2001). This Hierarchy, show the framework and Characteristics for all scientific knowledge. Some of the characteristics are: There is temporal relation between these levels for development of the universe. Steady and Stable process, to built these level from the basic Course of time is required for the development of the level and their hierarchy. Universe follow the natural algorithm of evolution (Dennett, 1995), for achieving these level of stability in all process and hierarchy. Using this knowledge, every concept of non major Science can be covered, by building a logical way of discussing the factor on itself. Best example is Biological evolution and modern synthesis (Darwin and Mendel). According to Kuhn, science is divided into revolutionary science and normal science. Normal Science is the collection of facts and it obeys all scientific rules and characteristics. Whereas, revolutionary science is overthrow the existing theory and make science in better way. In the beginning of 18th century Darwins Origin of Evolution was considered as revolutionary science. It predicts human race originates from Apes. His theory disobeys all the scientific characteristics and rules. So, no one at that time believed and accepted his theory. But now modern science has various proofs that, Darwin theory is right. [4] How can we integrate the knowledge into one? It is very difficult to accumulate and integrate the knowledge from the source of either Scientific or non scientific methods. Both Science and non Science play a vital role in Knowledge management. By bring the subject to real world and make a relation with the fact came from the experiment, observation and proposed laws to make it as whole one. Steps involved in Integration (Mackinson and Nà ¸ttestad 1998). Gather the required information from the both scientific (Hard data) and non Scientific methods (practical Data). Combine these data with the help of proper communication in all level (analysis, design and implementation) 1. Accurate within the domain 2. Increase the existing knowledge 3. Simple objective 4. Respect the difference in opinion 5. Stiff in opinion is always wrong Understand the complete problem as whole one. Relation of Parts and Unity of Knowledge: By gathering all the fundamental requirement, assumptions and laws (scientific knowledge), we can provide explain the conceptual way of any system as the basis of any non scientific terms, methods or knowledge. Epistemology is study of origin, methods and below the human knowledge. Coherence is epistemological term, in which Science has a logical connection between the theoretical and practical way of handling the methods, lead to cause and effect. Dividing Science into different disciplines, as the need for methodology and specialization (Greene, 1997). But this is not happened in real world. In reality, scientific knowledge is only one. This allows the individual to make specialize. Unity of knowledge is known as characteristic of scientific theory, which a gel of various area of study (Wilson, 1998). Example for unity of knowledge is mechanics in physics, classification of creature and their evolution in biology, Historic events etc. Unity of knowledge is a fruit for scientific an alysis and built a more ample environment to form a coherent picture of the world. When Non Scientific become Scientific? Non Scientific Method is analysis of problem with hunch or inductive or past experience. Truth in non scientific method is not examined, because results are not accurate or mere coincidence. Non Scientific method should follow some steps to reach as Scientific Knowledge. They are: Goal: What is to be done? Model: How it is done? Data: What are requirements? Evaluation: what is the output? Revision: how to improve? For Example: Cooking is the best example for Conversion of Non Scientific into Scientific terms. Microwave oven reduces most of our work, but however preparation of dishes begins with list of ingredients, recipe and instruction, mixing and cooking them. Even though all these things are perfect, well talented chef is required, to follow the recipe, modify the taste by adding ingredient according to the output (requirement of taste of the people). Modification are carried still, it meets the chefs approval. Any significant change in the recipe may be taken as permanent change and make it as food type itself in the nearby future. Scientific Method Template for Cooking GOAL To prepare a dish MODEL Recipe -type of food item going to prepare DATA Ingredients , vessels and other stuffs EVALUATION How it taste? REVISION Modification according to the comments or requirement Not a Science:- Day to Day life, people observe many thing, they treat everything as science. There are some of things, are not considered as science. They are:- Religion is not considered as science. Most of the religions followed some specific codes and methods, to make followers should obey to accept. There is no improvement in religion and no ways to measure it. Governments are established for some reason and goal. They are also allow set of rules to reach the goal. It is rarely a formal function for calculating the goal they achieved. Technology and Science are correlated. Science is used to develop the technology and technology is tool or application, developed from the knowledge of science. Astrology predictions are virtual. There is goal and model s, but criteria like evaluation, Data and revision are absent. Structure of Scientific Knowledge:- So Far, we have argued about the belief of scientific knowledge as a final conclusion, for coherent theories to growth and development. Scientific Knowledge is divided into Internal and External resource, which is implicit and explicit, explanation and concept of environment. The complexity of the problem, help us to deal with knowledge not based on the algorithm, but through set of rules to explain the importance and practices. These types of issues can view as first order module view. According to Scott Atran and Dan Sperber, classify knowledge module as a genetically specified computational device in the mind/brain that works pretty much on its own on inputs pertaining to some specific cognitive domain and provided by other parts of the nervous system (e.g. sensory receptors or other modules) (Sperber 1996, p. 120) The main motto of his postulate is, knowledge modules are providing the access to proper information in correct domain. The Structure is not standardizing, explicitly understanding of the fundamental principles for sensing or reasoning in the particular domain (Carey 1995, p. 274). According to Susan Carey, These knowledge modules are considered as empirical and conceptual problem. The empirical problems related on the data related to different catholicity. So, these data wont provide evidence for making clear decision. But these data help us to understand the fundamental and basic reasoning for characterize (Carey 1985).example for first order module view is classification of the flora and fauna. They are not domain specific. However the knowledge module is considered as the core domain knowledge. Scientific development through abstract knowledge:- According to Carey and Spelke put forward:- Processes for combining the representations from domain-specific systems of knowledge provide one potential mechanism of theory development and conceptual changeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ studies of young children provide a promising means to study these processes (Carey and Spelke 1996, p. 528) Abstract knowledge can be obtained from conceptual change. But scientific knowledge is termed as Theoretical knowledge. Results of the observation are converted into theories, which are assumed as right (true). If terms of false result, scientific knowledge is assert the new one, by adding additional valid information in old theories. The change in theories is always good for the growth of the knowledge module in Scientific methods. But now days, sociologist claims, Science is elaborated field, in order to gain the scientific knowledge it is necessary to take cultural and social events as consideration (Biagoli 1993, Shapin and Schaffer 1985). Boundary between Scientific and Non Scientific knowledge:- Whether there is boundary between scientific and non scientific knowledge? In order to examine this, there are several factors and importance we need to notice, some of them are: Accepting the wrong conclusion, so that research is made to find the actual truth (knowledge). Boundary between Scientific and non Scientific is not imaginary, all research either lies on Scientific or non scientific Knowledge is based on the Science, naturally boundary will exist. Boundary is best indicator to explain the characteristic of any research work or fields. Factors involved along with scientific and non Scientific method, explain the characteristic of the research. To define the classical logic and standards, boundary is required. Mistake in applying Scientific methods: Scientist used the hypothesis to explain the phenomenon of any events or research, without finding or conducting experimental tests. We cannot prove the hypothesis, by conducting single experiment. If result obtained from the original hypothesis is differing from final result of the experiment, hypothesis wont change due to result difference. These factors relates on variable control, time, measurement, etc. Removing of unwanted data from the hypothesis is always a great mistake. Scientist always has strong belief, that their hypothesis is right. So it is human tendency, to change the data if results are against the hypothesis. Calculation of estimating the type, priority, number and classification of errors also lead to one mistake in knowledge gathering in scientific methods. Communication plays a vital role in development and sharing of Knowledge. Miscommunication, community override , personal or group bias are avoided , since experiments , test and research are carried out by different people from different culture , language, thoughts ,opinion etc. so there is always possibility for conflict and other human errors and mistake ( Wilson,1952). Summary:- If only theory and practice worked on the same lines, everything I read in the books wouldve been true!!! The scientific methods are closely related with science, which solve the human queries that penetrate the all level of knowledge management. Method are simpler and logic way of understanding the problem. In introduction, we distinguish science and its methods from all other forms of non scientific methods. Scientific method is examine through various step like observation ,prediction , hypothesis and experimentation , with all view of the philosopher like cloud, Spelke, Wilson ,Kuhn etc in each phase . In Terms of Non scientific methods, we discuss about the how it differs from traditional way (scientific methods)? , when Non scientific act become scientific one? . In later portion, boundary and difference between scientific and non scientific methods and knowledge, mistake committed by the scientist while during the hypothesis and other phase of analysis and experiment are discussed. For further details of this topic and other aspect may be found in reference listed below. Conclusion: All religions, arts and sciences are branches of the same tree Albert Einstein [23] We have discussed about the growth of scientific knowledge, with all traditional practices, concepts, evolution of theories and other knowledge resource. The Scientific method view is play vital role in developing the standard and concept. Same way Non scientific methods and knowledge also lead to enrich our idea, since this only converted into scientific knowledge, by adding some favor like goal, evaluation, data etc. Both type of knowledge help us in conversion and development of conceptual system. Conceptual system is rich in cognitive knowledge development. This only required by the people or scholar to enrich society, community or individual.

Using Two Contrasting Case Studies, Discuss Management Schemes in Fragile Environments.

Using two contrasting case studies, discuss management schemes in fragile environments. A fragile environment is when there the balance between climate, soils, vegetation, animal life and people could easily be upset and the ecosystem destroyed. In order to maintain a fragile environment dynamic sustainability needs to be established. An example of a fragile environment is the Serengeti National Park and Jau National Park. The Serengeti National Park is situated in the Tropical Grassland biome. This means that it has temperatures are high throughout the year averaging at around 28OC.There are wet and dry seasons due to the movement of the ITCZ (Inter Tropical Conversion Zone). In the Serengeti there are long periods of drought during the dry season and during the wet season convectional rainfall results in heavy downpours. In the Serengeti management schemes are essential in order to maintain the ecosystem. One way that the ecosystem is maintained is through monitoring and controllin g the number of elephants and fires within the ecosystem. In the past fires and elephants have shaped the ecosystem.They both affect the vegetation within the Serengeti as they can destroy it. Elephants eat the tress and fires burn them into ash. The elephants and fires need to be controlled because if there are too many elephants or fires then the number of trees in the Serengeti will decrease but if there is not enough of them then again the ecosystem will change as they control the establishment of trees. Fire is monitored and controlled through the Park Ecology Department who ensure that there is enough fire but that they do not get out of hand.The Serengeti is also managed by having a top-down approach to management where the park authorities co-operate with the Masai (indigenous people in the Serengeti). There is a game management strategy, which means that the Masai who live around the edge of the park are able to some controlled and licensed hunting of game so they do not hu nt to much and endanger the animals there. This means that the hunting that the Masai do controls the herds, keeping them in balance with the grassland resources.Hunting can stop the tendency to overgraze the area that can arise if the number of animals grows too high. The Serengeti also uses a strategy when it comes to the use of land. In order to maintain a balance between crop production for the animals and the local people the authorities have zoned the areas so that there is enough grazing land, and enough space in areas around the park for growing crops. The Jau National Park differs from the Serengeti as it has a double maxima of rainfall.The National Park has very low annual temperature range with the temperature being between 26OC and 27OC throughout the year. The ecosystem contains three main vegetation types: dense tropical forest, seasonally flooded forest and dry shrub woodland. The Jau National Park also has management schemes in place in order to conserve the ecosyste m. Jau National Park is one of the few conservation units in the Brazilian Amazon with a management plan that is both compete and being implemented.To integrate local residents with conservation initiatives within the Park there are periodic meetings with residents to disseminate planning decisions, provide training for environmental education professionals and research on the economic valuation of natural resources. The management plan has three phases: I: protection, minimizing of impacts and integration with neighbors; II: research into and protection of biodiversity; III: specific activities. Jau National Park has a zoning plan in place with four management zones: 1.Primitive – where there is minimum intervention and maximum protection. Nothing is done to the area and it is left to have its natural vegetation and animal species. 2. Extensive use – some human activity. This is where small tribes of indigenous people are allowed to live their chosen lifestyle in the area. 3. Intensive use – already altered by humans. This is where farming is allowed. 4. Special use – the park services core – this is where hotels and buildings are with toilets etc. Using Two Contrasting Case Studies, Discuss Management Schemes in Fragile Environments. Using two contrasting case studies, discuss management schemes in fragile environments. A fragile environment is when there the balance between climate, soils, vegetation, animal life and people could easily be upset and the ecosystem destroyed. In order to maintain a fragile environment dynamic sustainability needs to be established. An example of a fragile environment is the Serengeti National Park and Jau National Park. The Serengeti National Park is situated in the Tropical Grassland biome. This means that it has temperatures are high throughout the year averaging at around 28OC.There are wet and dry seasons due to the movement of the ITCZ (Inter Tropical Conversion Zone). In the Serengeti there are long periods of drought during the dry season and during the wet season convectional rainfall results in heavy downpours. In the Serengeti management schemes are essential in order to maintain the ecosystem. One way that the ecosystem is maintained is through monitoring and controllin g the number of elephants and fires within the ecosystem. In the past fires and elephants have shaped the ecosystem.They both affect the vegetation within the Serengeti as they can destroy it. Elephants eat the tress and fires burn them into ash. The elephants and fires need to be controlled because if there are too many elephants or fires then the number of trees in the Serengeti will decrease but if there is not enough of them then again the ecosystem will change as they control the establishment of trees. Fire is monitored and controlled through the Park Ecology Department who ensure that there is enough fire but that they do not get out of hand.The Serengeti is also managed by having a top-down approach to management where the park authorities co-operate with the Masai (indigenous people in the Serengeti). There is a game management strategy, which means that the Masai who live around the edge of the park are able to some controlled and licensed hunting of game so they do not hu nt to much and endanger the animals there. This means that the hunting that the Masai do controls the herds, keeping them in balance with the grassland resources.Hunting can stop the tendency to overgraze the area that can arise if the number of animals grows too high. The Serengeti also uses a strategy when it comes to the use of land. In order to maintain a balance between crop production for the animals and the local people the authorities have zoned the areas so that there is enough grazing land, and enough space in areas around the park for growing crops. The Jau National Park differs from the Serengeti as it has a double maxima of rainfall.The National Park has very low annual temperature range with the temperature being between 26OC and 27OC throughout the year. The ecosystem contains three main vegetation types: dense tropical forest, seasonally flooded forest and dry shrub woodland. The Jau National Park also has management schemes in place in order to conserve the ecosyste m. Jau National Park is one of the few conservation units in the Brazilian Amazon with a management plan that is both compete and being implemented.To integrate local residents with conservation initiatives within the Park there are periodic meetings with residents to disseminate planning decisions, provide training for environmental education professionals and research on the economic valuation of natural resources. The management plan has three phases: I: protection, minimizing of impacts and integration with neighbors; II: research into and protection of biodiversity; III: specific activities. Jau National Park has a zoning plan in place with four management zones: 1.Primitive – where there is minimum intervention and maximum protection. Nothing is done to the area and it is left to have its natural vegetation and animal species. 2. Extensive use – some human activity. This is where small tribes of indigenous people are allowed to live their chosen lifestyle in the area. 3. Intensive use – already altered by humans. This is where farming is allowed. 4. Special use – the park services core – this is where hotels and buildings are with toilets etc.

Role of Media in India

Role of Indian Media in the New Age The following is the speech given by Shri Kapil Sibal, Minister of HRD and C & IT, on the topic: â€Å"Role of Indian Media in the New Ag†, presiding as the Chief Guest for the ‘Press Club Awards for Excellence in Journalism' , on 5th May, 2012 at The NSCI, Worli, Mumbai. I am privileged to be here with you on a day the media celebrates its exceptional performers. I congratulate all those who have received awards and wish them continued success in their profession.The media has emerged as a pillar of the modern State. The foundation of a modern democratic State lies in its ability to secure fundamental rights promised to its people, to deliver justice and lead its people to economic and social progress. Democracy is defined by freedom of speech and expression. Media is an embodiment of these rights that define democracy. If we look back into history, the emergence of the modern nation-state where the sovereignty vested in its people is closely related to the spread of the printing press.Guttenbergaâ‚ ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Bible (the first printed book) was a precursor to the spread of democracy and republican thought across the world. Rousseau was mild mannered, but his thoughts disseminated by the newspapers in the coffee houses of Paris resulted in the French Revolution. Liberty, Equality and Fraternity as the slogan for the Revolution owes much to the media of the day. The Indian media has been truly a pillar of the Indian State. Eternal vigilance is the price of freedom. The Indian media has indeed been vigilant and persuasive in protection of freedoms and awakening thought.If we have preserved our democracy in the midst of periodic lapses into dictatorships in our neighbourhood, the credit should go to our founding fathers who created robust institutions and to the media who kept a vigilant watch at preserving these institutions. However, the nature of media has also been changing over the last two decades. The eme rgence of the electronic media in India over two decades ago since the first war to be witnessed live by millions in the cosy comforts of their homes, brought the power of imagery to the forefront.The growing dominance of imagery over substance in an era where time is of the essence and competition is intense, has brought about the need for stoking fires, beaming controversies and heated debates in the media. The divergence of approach between the print and the electronic media has been amply demonstrated in the events of the last year. Todayaâ‚ ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s media does not provide much space for settling differences, it prefers to dog the protagonists forever reminding them of the past. There is a problem with this approach. We do not sufficiently celebrate our achievements, we do not appreciate the progress that we make.The spread of negative sentiment leads to despondency and inaction. Infact, todayaâ‚ ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s headline in a prominent newspaper speaks of the fear that stalks t he corridors of bureaucracy. Despite the exhortation of the Prime Minister, the civil services today is afraid of action, for any action can be questioned. Faith and trust in all institutions are being eroded. Rampant mistrust, I believe, has slowed governance and if not corrected, can imperil the foundations of democracy. We have much to correct, but it is necessary for room for correction to be available.When there is a dispute in a family, the members retire to a place of seclusion to settle their differences. Today, there is no such place available due to the omnipotence of media. Competition spurs innovation, but unhealthy competition can lead to pandering. The rush for eyeballs in a crush of problems leads to extremes being aired rather than the moderate being heard. In such a situation, the responsibility of the media to the larger society gets diluted. At the same time, I would for one strongly oppose attempts to impose responsibility through regulatory action.It is for th e media to ponder and find solutions for itself. If the media fails to do so, just as we are witnessing a clamour for judicial accountability because the judiciary has not succeeded in inculcating responsibility within itself, a similar clamour for media accountability would grow. Another trend that has emerged in the recent years is the growth of the social media riding in the ICT revolution. Social interactions have exploded as never before, aided by the connecting power of the internet. The ability of thoughts to converge and congregate have multiplied manifold.These interactions have led to questioning of the present order and the search for a better world through the social media. The outpourings of protests all over the world aâ‚ ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" from aâ‚ ¬? Occupy Wall Streetaâ‚ ¬? to the aâ‚ ¬? Arab Springaâ‚ ¬? , from the aâ‚ ¬? Lokpal agitationaâ‚ ¬? to the million mutinies erupting across the globe – made 2011, the Year of the Protestor. Street dissent in Democracies has become prevalent. Simultaneously, we are witnessing the overthrow of Dictatorships. Thoughts and deeds, actions and reactions jump across the globe to reach the mind-space of people in the twinkling of an eye.The internet today is the public square of the Grecian city-state democracies. And media is slowly ceding space to the internet as the harbinger of news and views. Our country is a nation of vast diversity and complexity. We were fortunate that our founding fathers bequeathed us an edifice that we could be proud of. A free media is a pillar of this edifice. It holds up the State and seeks accountability from it. The events of the recent past have led us to introspect on the basic elements of our State. Let the media not stay away from this introspection. Thank you. Role of Media in India Role of Indian Media in the New Age The following is the speech given by Shri Kapil Sibal, Minister of HRD and C & IT, on the topic: â€Å"Role of Indian Media in the New Ag†, presiding as the Chief Guest for the ‘Press Club Awards for Excellence in Journalism' , on 5th May, 2012 at The NSCI, Worli, Mumbai. I am privileged to be here with you on a day the media celebrates its exceptional performers. I congratulate all those who have received awards and wish them continued success in their profession.The media has emerged as a pillar of the modern State. The foundation of a modern democratic State lies in its ability to secure fundamental rights promised to its people, to deliver justice and lead its people to economic and social progress. Democracy is defined by freedom of speech and expression. Media is an embodiment of these rights that define democracy. If we look back into history, the emergence of the modern nation-state where the sovereignty vested in its people is closely related to the spread of the printing press.Guttenbergaâ‚ ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Bible (the first printed book) was a precursor to the spread of democracy and republican thought across the world. Rousseau was mild mannered, but his thoughts disseminated by the newspapers in the coffee houses of Paris resulted in the French Revolution. Liberty, Equality and Fraternity as the slogan for the Revolution owes much to the media of the day. The Indian media has been truly a pillar of the Indian State. Eternal vigilance is the price of freedom. The Indian media has indeed been vigilant and persuasive in protection of freedoms and awakening thought.If we have preserved our democracy in the midst of periodic lapses into dictatorships in our neighbourhood, the credit should go to our founding fathers who created robust institutions and to the media who kept a vigilant watch at preserving these institutions. However, the nature of media has also been changing over the last two decades. The eme rgence of the electronic media in India over two decades ago since the first war to be witnessed live by millions in the cosy comforts of their homes, brought the power of imagery to the forefront.The growing dominance of imagery over substance in an era where time is of the essence and competition is intense, has brought about the need for stoking fires, beaming controversies and heated debates in the media. The divergence of approach between the print and the electronic media has been amply demonstrated in the events of the last year. Todayaâ‚ ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s media does not provide much space for settling differences, it prefers to dog the protagonists forever reminding them of the past. There is a problem with this approach. We do not sufficiently celebrate our achievements, we do not appreciate the progress that we make.The spread of negative sentiment leads to despondency and inaction. Infact, todayaâ‚ ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s headline in a prominent newspaper speaks of the fear that stalks t he corridors of bureaucracy. Despite the exhortation of the Prime Minister, the civil services today is afraid of action, for any action can be questioned. Faith and trust in all institutions are being eroded. Rampant mistrust, I believe, has slowed governance and if not corrected, can imperil the foundations of democracy. We have much to correct, but it is necessary for room for correction to be available.When there is a dispute in a family, the members retire to a place of seclusion to settle their differences. Today, there is no such place available due to the omnipotence of media. Competition spurs innovation, but unhealthy competition can lead to pandering. The rush for eyeballs in a crush of problems leads to extremes being aired rather than the moderate being heard. In such a situation, the responsibility of the media to the larger society gets diluted. At the same time, I would for one strongly oppose attempts to impose responsibility through regulatory action.It is for th e media to ponder and find solutions for itself. If the media fails to do so, just as we are witnessing a clamour for judicial accountability because the judiciary has not succeeded in inculcating responsibility within itself, a similar clamour for media accountability would grow. Another trend that has emerged in the recent years is the growth of the social media riding in the ICT revolution. Social interactions have exploded as never before, aided by the connecting power of the internet. The ability of thoughts to converge and congregate have multiplied manifold.These interactions have led to questioning of the present order and the search for a better world through the social media. The outpourings of protests all over the world aâ‚ ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" from aâ‚ ¬? Occupy Wall Streetaâ‚ ¬? to the aâ‚ ¬? Arab Springaâ‚ ¬? , from the aâ‚ ¬? Lokpal agitationaâ‚ ¬? to the million mutinies erupting across the globe – made 2011, the Year of the Protestor. Street dissent in Democracies has become prevalent. Simultaneously, we are witnessing the overthrow of Dictatorships. Thoughts and deeds, actions and reactions jump across the globe to reach the mind-space of people in the twinkling of an eye.The internet today is the public square of the Grecian city-state democracies. And media is slowly ceding space to the internet as the harbinger of news and views. Our country is a nation of vast diversity and complexity. We were fortunate that our founding fathers bequeathed us an edifice that we could be proud of. A free media is a pillar of this edifice. It holds up the State and seeks accountability from it. The events of the recent past have led us to introspect on the basic elements of our State. Let the media not stay away from this introspection. Thank you.

Dna And Protein Synthesis Essay - 1332 Words

DNA and Protein Synthesis One of the most fundamental properties of any and all living organisms is that of reproduction. As we all have learned, organisms inherit their genetic information defining their structure and functions from their parents. Similarly, all cells come from preexisting cells, so the genetic information is duplicated and pass from the parent to the new cell of each division. DNA is the term that is used in biology, as well as several other parts of your everyday life. We all know that DNA is a part of our bodies, but may wonder what exactly is DNA. DNA which is also known as deoxyribonucleic acid, which is the genetic material of a cell. DNA is considered to be the molecule of life, and aides in the determination of our physical characteristics. DNA is present in all living organisms. It is said that the process of protein synthesis is controlled by the DNA molecules. Proteins are used for growth and repair, as well as enzymes. Thus, DNA is able to apply some controlling influence over the cells as a whole, and ultimately the organism as well. In DNA, the segments which hold the vital key to this process are referred to as the genes. In the early 1940’s, two American geneticists by the names of George Wells Beadle, and Edward Lawrie Tatum provided one of the first vital clues. While they were working with fungi, more specifically Nuerospora and Penicillium, they found information regarding genes and how they direct the formation of enzymes through theShow MoreRelatedHow Do Bacteria Divide?1600 Words   |  7 Pagesfission. In this essay I intend to explain some aspects of DNA replication and septation – including the synthesis of peptidoglycan in the new cell wall – using the model organism Escherichia coli. Also, I will discuss the role and function of Fts proteins in cell division. Finally, I will discuss some less common forms of bacterial cell division, cell division where FtsZ is absent and some key facts from reliable sources on all the topics covered in this essay. Binary fission Before DNA replicationRead MoreThe Differences Between Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Organisms Essay1696 Words   |  7 PagesThere are three main divisions of living organisms: Prokaryotes, eukaryotes and archaea. This essay will outline the division between the prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms and explore the reasoning behind such differences with regard to general structure, storage of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and its replication, metabolic processes, protein synthesis and ribonucleic acid (RNA) processing. The cell is the most basic unit of life, defined as â€Å"The fundamental ... structural and functional unitRead MoreFoundation of Molecular Biology3718 Words   |  15 PagesWrite an essay on protein structure and synthesis Protein synthesis is a cellular process leading to the production of proteins. This term is also synonymous to protein translation. It begins with a sequential process of transcription of DNA into mRNA, which is then used as input for translation after exon-intron splicing. The addition of successive tRNA molecules based on the code of mRNA matched up by base-pairing through their anti-codons in the ribosomes creates the nascent protein. 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