Summary of Rizal

Republic Act No. 1425, known as the  Rizal Law, mandates all educational institutions in the  Philippines  to offer courses about  Jose Rizal. The full name of the law is  An Act to Include in the Curricula of All Public and Private Schools, Colleges and Universities Courses On the Life, Works and Writings of  Jose Rizal, Particularly His Novels  Noli Me Tangere  and  El Filibusterismo, Authorizing the Printing and Distribution Thereof, and for Other Purposes.The measure was strongly opposed by the Roman Catholic Church in the Philippines due to the anti-clerical themes in  Noli Me Tangere  andEl Filibusterismo. Senator  Claro M. Recto  was the main proponent of the then Rizal Bill. He sought to sponsor the bill at Congress. However, this was met with stiff opposition from the Catholic Church. During the  1955 Senate election, the church charged Recto with being a communist and an anti-Catholic.After Recto's election, the Church continued to oppose the bil l mandating the reading of Rizal's novels  Noli Me Tangere  and  El Filibusterismo, claiming it would violate  freedom of conscience  and  religion. [1] In the campaign to oppose the Rizal bill, the Catholic Church urged its adherents to write to their congressmen and senators showing their opposition to the bill; later, it organized symposiums. In one of these symposiums, Fr. Jesus Cavanna argued that the novels belonged to the past and that teaching them would misrepresent current conditions.Radio commentator Jesus Paredes also said that Catholics had the right to refuse to read them as it would â€Å"endanger their salvation†. [1] Groups such as Catholic Action of the Philippines, the  Congregation of the Mission, the  Knights of Columbus, and the Catholic Teachers Guild organized opposition to the bill; they were countered by Veteranos de la Revolucion (Spirit of 1896), Alagad in Rizal, the Freemasons, and the  Knights of Rizal. The Senate Committee on E ducation sponsored a bill co-written by both  Jose P.Laurel  and Recto, with the only opposition coming from  Francisco Soc Rodrigo,  Mariano Jesus Cuenco, and  Decoroso Rosales. [2] The  Archbishop of Manila,  Rufino Santos, protested in a  pastoral letter  that Catholic students would be affected if compulsory reading of the unexpurgated version were pushed through. [3]  Arsenio Lacson, Manila's mayor, who supported the bill, walked out of Mass when the priest read a circular from the archbishop denouncing the bill. [4] Rizal, according to  Cuenco, â€Å"attack[ed] dogmas, beliefs and practices of the Church.The assertion that Rizal limited himself to castigating undeserving priests and refrained from criticizing, ridiculing or putting in doubt dogmas of the Catholic Church, is absolutely gratuitous and misleading. † Cuenco touched on Rizal's denial of the existence of  purgatory, as it was not found in the Bible, and that Moses and Jesus Christ did not mention its existence; Cuenco concluded that a â€Å"majority of the Members of this Chamber, if not all [including] our good friend, the gentleman from Sulu† believed in purgatory. 5]  The senator from Sulu, Domocao Alonto, attacked Filipinos who proclaimed Rizal as â€Å"their national hero but seemed to despise what he had written†, saying that theIndonesians  used Rizal's books as their Bible on their independence movement;  Pedro Lopez, who hails from Cebu, Cuenco's province, in his support for the bill, reasoned out that it was in their province the independence movement started, when  Lapu-Lapu  fought  Ferdinand Magellan. [3] Outside the Senate, the Catholic schools threatened to close down if the bill was passed; Recto countered that if that happened, the schools would be nationalized.Recto did not believe the threat, stating that the schools were too profitable to be closed. [1]  The schools gave up the threat, but threatened to â€Å"punis h† legislators in favor of the law in future elections. A compromise was suggested, to use the expurgated version; Recto, who had supported the required reading of the unexpurgated version, declared: â€Å"The people who would eliminate the books of Rizal from the schools would blot out from our minds the memory of the national hero. This is not a fight against Recto but a fight against Rizal,† adding that since Rizal is dead, they are attempting to suppress his memory. 6] On May 12, 1956, a compromise inserted by Committee on Education chairman Laurel that accommodated the objections of the Catholic Church was approved unanimously. The bill specified that only college (university) students would have the option of reading unexpurgated versions of clerically-contested reading material, such as  Noli Me Tangere  and  El Filibusterismo. [1][3][6]  The bill was enacted on June 12, 1956,[3]  Flag Day. ——————— Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€- [edit]Content | | | The  Noli  and  Fili  were required readings for college students. Section 1 mandated that the students were to read the novels as they were written in  Spanish, although a provision ordered that the Board of National Education create rules on how these should be applied. [5]  The last two sections were focused on making Rizal's works accessible to the general public: the second section mandated the schools to have â€Å"an adequate number† of copies in their libraries, while the third ordered the board to publish the works in major  Philippine languages. [5] ————————————————- edit]Aftermath After the bill was enacted into law, there were no recorded instances of students applying for exemption from reading the novels, and no known procedure for such exemptions. [6]à ‚  In 1994, President  Fidel V. Ramos  ordered the  Department of Education, Culture and Sports  to fully implement the law as there had been reports that it has still not been fully implemented. [7] The debate during the enactment of the Rizal Law has been compared to the  Reproductive Health bill  (RH bill) debate of 2011. 8]  Akbayan  representativeKaka Bag-ao, one of the proponents of the RH bill, said, quoting the Catholic hierarchy, that â€Å"More than 50 years ago, they said the Rizal Law violates the Catholic's right to conscience and religion, interestingly, the same line of reasoning they use to oppose the RH bill. â€Å"[9] ————————————————- [edit]References 1. ^  a  b  c  d  Abinales, Patricio N. ; Amoroso, Donna J. (2005). State and society in the Philippines. Lanham, Maryland:  Rowman & Littlefield. p. 187. ISBN  978-0-742 5-1024-1. 2.   Cruz-Araneta, Gemma  (2010-12-29). â€Å"Legislating Rizal, 1†. Manila Bulletin. Retrieved 2011-05-24. 3. ^  a  b  c  d  Cruz-Araneta, Gemma  (2010-12-29). â€Å"Legislating Rizal, 2†. Manila Bulletin. Retrieved 2011-05-24. 4. ^  Rodis, Rodel (2010-01-07). â€Å"Global Networking  : The Rizal bill†. Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved 2011-06-12. 5. ^  a  b  c  Pangalangan, Raul (2010-12-31). â€Å"The intense debate on the Rizal Law†. Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved 2011-05-24. 6. ^  a  b  c  Ocampo, Ambeth  (2007-05-04). â€Å"The fight over the Rizal Law†. Philippine Daily Inquirer.Retrieved 2011-05-24. 7. ^  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Mr. Ramos leads Rizal Day rites†. Manila Standard. 1994-12-29. Retrieved 2011-06-19. 8. ^  Mendez, Christina (2011-05-23). â€Å"JPE, Joker confident of compromise on RH bill†. Philippine Star. Retrieved 2011-05-24. 9. ^  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Jose Rizal: new symbol of re productive health rights? â€Å". ABS-CBNnews. com. 2011-06-01. Retrieved 2011-06-01. Jose Rizal: A Biographical Sketch BY TEOFILO H. MONTEMAYOR| | JOSE RIZAL, the national hero of the Philippines and pride of the Malayan race, was born on June 19, 1861, in the town of Calamba, Laguna.He was the seventh child in a family of 11 children (2 boys and 9 girls). Both his parents were educated and belonged to distinguished families. His father, Francisco Mercado Rizal, an industrious farmer whom Rizal called â€Å"a model of fathers,† came from Binan, Laguna; while his mother, Teodora Alonzo y Quintos, a highly cultured and accomplished woman whom Rizal called â€Å"loving and prudent mother,† was born in Meisic, Sta. Cruz, Manila. At the age of 3, he learned the alphabet from his mother; at 5, while learning to read and write, he already showed inclinations to be an artist.He astounded his family and relatives by his pencil drawings and sketches and by his moldings of clay . At the age 8, he wrote a Tagalog poem, â€Å"Sa Aking Mga Kabata,† the theme of which revolves on the love of one’s language. In 1877, at the age of 16, he obtained his Bachelor of Arts degree with an average of â€Å"excellent† from the Ateneo Municipal de Manila. In the same year, he enrolled in Philosophy and Letters at the University of Santo Tomas, while at the same time took courses leading to the degree of surveyor and expert assessor at the Ateneo.He finished the latter course on March 21, 1877 and passed the Surveyor’s examination on May 21, 1878; but because of his age, 17, he was not granted license to practice the profession until December 30, 1881. In 1878, he enrolled in medicine at the University of Santo Tomas but had to stop in his studies when he felt that the Filipino students were being discriminated upon by their Dominican tutors. On May 3, 1882, he sailed for Spain where he continued his studies at the Universidad Central de Madrid .On June 21, 1884, at the age of 23, he was conferred the degree of Licentiate in Medicine and on June 19,1885, at the age of 24, he finished his course in Philosophy and Letters with a grade of â€Å"excellent. †Ã‚  Having traveled extensively in Europe, America and Asia, he mastered 22 languages. These include Arabic, Catalan, Chinese, English, French, German, Greek, Hebrew, Italian, Japanese, Latin, Malayan, Portuguese, Russian, Sanskrit, Spanish, Tagalog, and other native dialects.A versatile genius, he was an architect, artists, businessman, cartoonist, educator, economist, ethnologist, scientific farmer, historian, inventor, journalist, linguist, musician, mythologist, nationalist, naturalist, novelist, opthalmic surgeon, poet, propagandist, psychologist, scientist, sculptor, sociologist, and theologian. He was an expert swordsman and a good shot. In the hope of securing political and social reforms for his country and at the same time educate his countrymen, Rizal, the greatest apostle of Filipino nationalism, published, while in Europe, several works with highly nationalistic and revolutionary tendencies.In March 1887, his daring book, NOLI ME TANGERE, a satirical novel exposing the arrogance and despotism of the Spanish clergy, was published in Berlin; in 1890 he reprinted in Paris, Morga’s SUCCESSOS DE LAS ISLAS FILIPINAS with his annotations to prove that the Filipinos had a civilization worthy to be proud of even long before the Spaniards set foot on Philippine soil; on September 18, 1891, EL FILIBUSTERISMO, his second novel and a sequel to the NOLI and more revolutionary and tragic than the latter, was printed in Ghent.Because of his fearless exposures of the injustices committed by the civil and clerical officials, Rizal provoked the animosity of those in power. This led himself, his relatives and countrymen into trouble with the Spanish officials of the country. As a consequence, he and those who had contacts with him, were shadowe d; the authorities were not only finding faults but even fabricating charges to pin him down. Thus, he was imprisoned in Fort Santiago from July 6, 1892 to July 15, 1892 on a charge that anti-friar pamphlets were found in the luggage of his sister Lucia who arrive with him from Hong Kong.While a political exile in Dapitan, he engaged in agriculture, fishing and business; he maintained and operated a hospital; he conducted classes- taught his pupils the English and Spanish languages, the arts. The sciences, vocational courses including agriculture, surveying, sculpturing, and painting, as well as the art of self defense; he did some researches and collected specimens; he entered into correspondence with renowned men of letters and sciences abroad; and with the help of his pupils, he constructed water dam and a relief map of Mindanao – both considered remarkable engineering feats.His sincerity and friendliness won for him the trust and confidence of even those assigned to guard him; his good manners and warm personality were found irresistible by women of all races with whom he had personal contacts; his intelligence and humility gained for him the respect and admiration of prominent men of other nations; while his undaunted courage and determination to uplift the welfare of his people were feared by his enemies.When the Philippine Revolution started on August 26, 1896, his enemies lost no time in pressing him down. They were able to enlist witnesses that linked him with the revolt and these were never allowed to be confronted by him. Thus, from November 3, 1986, to the date of his execution, he was again committed to Fort Santiago. In his prison cell, he wrote an untitled poem, now known as â€Å"Ultimo Adios† which is considered a masterpiece and a living document expressing not only the hero’s great love of country but also that of all Filipinos.After a mock trial, he was convicted of rebellion, sedition and of forming illegal association . In the cold morning of December 30, 1896, Rizal, a man whose 35 years of life had been packed with varied activities which proved that the Filipino has capacity to equal if not excel even those who treat him as a slave, was shot at Bagumbayan Field. |

A Moral Choice Essay

In the journey of life, we will often face a variety of temptations. However, in the face of these temptations, we should make the right choice. Sometimes, we know the right choice may bring some troubles for us, but in the face of the ethical issues, we had no choices. Obviously, each individual will confront with these situations those need you make a choice, include me. When I was a student in the primary school, once, my school had a fundraiser for the children in poor area in China, so everybody in our school would give a hand. I came back to my home and asked my mother for the money. On the next day in the morning, my mother gave me one hundred yuan and said to me all the money should I donate. I was supervised that my mother gave me so much money. In peacetime she was very frugal and always gave me a little pocket money. And at that time one hundred yuan was really a big sum of money for me. Then I went to school, in the class, I remember my best friend came to my place and said to me that there was a new toy that was very novel and fun, and she asked me whether I would like to buy. Coincidently, I also knew that new toy and I had always wanted to buy. But I found my pocket money could not afford it. If I asked my mother to buy it, she would not agree with me. So at that moment, I came up with an idea. I had one hundred yuan and I could use the money to buy the new toy. The toy cost fifty yuan, if I bought it, I still had the remaining fifty yuan to donate. The donation was not an obligation and my school did not force us to donate. So nobody would care about how much money I had donated. However, I still thought it was a little unethical for me to do that and I hesitated for a long time. Yet, when the donation began, there was a picture full of tender and dark faces emerged in my mind, as if they looked at me with desire. Immediately, I realized that I had no lake of anything compared with the children in these poor areas. I should satisfy with my life and be grateful for any thing my parents has given me. These children in the poor areas really need help. So I gave up the idea just now and dropped the one hundred yuan in the collection box. At that moment, I was vey proud of myself. Though I could not but the toys that I had been waited for, at least, I helped the children who really need help. Further more, from this experience, I thought I had made the right choice in the face of moral test and I knew the importance of helping others. At same time, I could gain much happiness through helping others. I learned a lesson from it. Life likes a marathon. Each player has the possibility to win, each player are your competitors. But if you suddenly appeared in front of two roads, one leading to the home of the path, and the other means that you will embark on the long journey. Also assume that you have already exhausted at this time, which one would you choose? If your answer is the latter, then I want to tell you: When we are faced with a moral choice, be sure to make the right decision!

Jobs on Human Resource and Criminal Justice Essay

There are a lot of jobs in Human Resource field. A job website shows fifty human resource jobs in New York, forty one in Atlanta, thirty nine in Houston, thirty five in Dallas, thirty one in Chicago, twenty two in Los Angeles, twenty in San Jose, twenty in Austin, and other around one hundred and twenty nine in other areas. There are different positions which are in demand and few of these are HR Administrative and HR Administrative Assistant in Le Parker Meridien, Human Resource Administrator in Bloomingdale’s, Human Resource Generalist in Advertising in Towne Search, Corporate Employee Benefits Specialist in Riddick Group-Executive, Business Office Manager, Human Resource Generalist in Impact Personnel,Inc, Payroll Administrator and HR Associate, HR Business partner, Human Resource Development, Time Attendance Administrator, Compensation and HRIS, Director Human Resource, Talent Representative, Attorney Recruiting Project Assistant, Global HR and Tech, International Compensation Manager, Employment Standards Relationship Manager, Benefits Coordinator, HR Operations Manager, Senior Implementation Manager, HRIS Analyst, Recruitment and Retention Coordinator, Director of Fun, HR is one of the most important functions in an organization and it needs to perform very carefully so that every decision taken is fair and transparent. The responsibility of HR is to make the employees comfortable and the work place an ideal one for them. The greater the efficiency of the human resources department, the better the workplace environment and the employee motivation to work in the organization (Robbins & Judge, 2004). Criminal Justice Job vacancies are also in the market but relatively less in number than HR jobs. There are approximately fifty one jobs available in UK, five in Wales, one in Scotland, forty two in England, four in Yorkshire and Humberside, two in East Midlands, twenty five in Greater London, two in East of England and five in South East. There is City Attorney position in, Madison Alabama, victim or witness coordinator in Hudson Wisconsin, Assistant County Attorney in Los Alamos New Mexico, and Police Officer in Madison Wisconsin. Other vacant position include Communications Officer paid approximately ? 15 to 16 per hour, Social Worker for a youth offending team paid ? 19 to 23 per hour, Probation Officer paid approximately ? 25 per hour, Secretary General in International Commission of Jurists, Counter Fraud Specialist, Probation Prosecutor, Domestic Violence trainer, Senior Consultants and many more. But the popular one and one with most number of vacancies is Youth Offending Team. Apart from YOT a lot of Social Workers are required in the market to intervene and prevent crime.

Research proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Research Proposal Example Increased sales is one of the potential benefits of customer relationship managent and results from identification and utilization of customers’ needs. Market expansion and higher profit margins are other benefits that organizations may reap from implementing customer relationship management. In addition, developing an understanding of customers’ needs ensures utility among the customers, a factor that also ensures customer retention and even marketing through customers’ testimonies. Customer relationship management also has an ultimate effect of decreasing an organization’s sales and other marketing expenses (Chaturvedi 2009, p. 5). Different approaches and techniques, however, exist that determine banks’ application of customer relationship management and may be a factor to the current trend in application of the management approach in the financing sector and establish a difference in application of customer relationship management by different t ypes of players in the sector (Rai and Singh 2012, n.p.). The study focuses on the current trend among banks and micro-finance institutions in the United Kingdom. Customer relationship management offers numerous advantages towards competitive advantage, should an organization implement it. This study seeks to investigate the use of the management towards these benefits with the aim of identifying possible inefficient application and creating awareness among the target organizations towars higher competitiveness and customer utility. Identifying trend in application of the managent and comparing this with trends in applicable technologies for customer relationship management will help inform the target population of necessary changes in the applications. In addition, understanding applications of customer relationship management, as applied by banks and other micro-finance organizations, will help in integrating techniques in the management branch, and

LOGISTICS & OPERATIONS MANAGEMENT 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

LOGISTICS & OPERATIONS MANAGEMENT 2 - Essay Example There are a wide range of definitions based on main logistics functions within organizational and production processes. Taking into account business definition, "logistics is defined as a business planning framework for the management of material, service, information and capital flows. It includes the increasingly complex information, communication and control systems required in today's business environment " (Logistix Partners Oy, Helsinki, FI, 1996, cited What is logistics 2005). Another definition reflects overall purpose of logistics and states that: "Logistics means having the right thing, at the right place, at the right time" (What is logistics 2005). The latter definition is more appropriate for today's business environment because it reflects the nature of business itself and customers expectations typical for present day economics. For many years, production inefficiencies have been criticized and scrutinized in order to increase productivity. There has been little close examination of possible savings in the area of physical distribution, now known as logistics. There is a movement towards a closer analysis of all aspects of logistics. This is particularly important where selling and distribution costs are high (Barnett, 1996).

History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

History - Essay Example In 539 B.C., armies of King Cyrus swept into Mesopotamia and managed to capture Babylon. They then took over northern Mesopotamia, Syria, Asia Minor, Canaan as well as the Phoenician cities. Of importance to note is the fact that Cyrus the Great showed all his new subjects great kindness; and his good treatment to them played a significant role in holding his empire together. Cyrus also had an army of professional soldiers trained – sometimes they conquered without bloodshed. In order to connect their holdings, which were obviously extensive, the Persians built roads, with the Royal Road stretching from Asia Minor to the Persian capital, Susa. The Persians also set up wayside stations to supply king’s messengers with fresh horses as well as food and shelter. What is more is that the leaders who followed Cyrus did not cease to add to the Persian territory – they conquered a region northeast of Greece called western India, Egypt, as well as Thrace (Spielvogel 132). Another thing worth noting is what the rulers did to the Persian Empire when it became bigger and therefore very challenging to manage. The government needed reorganization to make it manageable, which King Darius did following his coming to the throne in 521 B.C.

Heroin addiction Vs cancer support groups Term Paper

Heroin addiction Vs cancer support groups - Term Paper Example Their curiosity has given rise to a culture where people strive to help one another in any way they can. Social dealing and networking is one of the most fundamental ways in which people gain knowledge and awareness about common issues and learn how to deal with them. One such form of social networking is a support group. Support groups are such organizations or agencies that help people suffering from a common condition (usually disease) deal with their condition (Hunter, 2011). Support groups offer help to the needy both personally through appointments, and generally on-line. Preference of forum: There is considerable difference between the preference of forum for the support group between the Cancer patients and the Heroin addicts. Cancer is a disease that may be acquired because of any reason without the personal involvement or fault of the patient in his/her condition. There is generally, a lot of respect for Cancer patients in the society and they are looked at with sympathy an d affection. The case is not alike for Heroin addicts. Heroin addicts are visualized as useless members of society and are looked at with hatred. They are known as the cause of frustration and various social upsets in the society. People tend to keep their children away from the company of Heroine addicts. Many Heroin addicts are socially excluded. The society does not accept them.

The Target Market of Trace Restaurant at W Hotel San Francisco Research Paper

The Target Market of Trace Restaurant at W Hotel San Francisco - Research Paper Example The fact that the menus depend on the local season is a sign of ensuring, visitors get to understand the local food pattern alongside the culture and environment. The restaurant has a wide variety of sea foods and meats. This is to carter for needs of the different tourists’ background. This is the reason the place is frequented by people on business travel, tourists, travelling sports people/ enthusiasts and fresh residents who want to get a feel of San Francisco as they settle. The pricing is steep and intended to lure the upper middle class and the high income earners. Apparently, these are the people who can afford to tour the world and stand the seemingly exuberant prices. An average drink costs from a minimum of $5.5 and that would be plain coffee! A simple meal goes for a minimum of $16 a plate. An example would be Fried Quail, few spoons of hazelnut and minor accessories such as olive leaves. Otherwise, an average meal would stand at $30 and higher per person. This is a deterrent factor for the residents because they can manage to make more of the same in the comfort of their homes. This is maintained based on the frequency of tourists, holiday makers and other travelers who seek high quality meals for a brief period of time. The restaurant is located in the center of SoMa district, which is in the downtown area of San Francisco (Jensen and Parr 2). It is three streets accessing the markets to the northwest and the south. The east ends with the San Francisco bay, a major global tourist attraction. The panoramic city line view combines well with the picturesque views of the Bay Bridge to ensure a breathtaking environment (Michelin North America, Inc 242). This has made the area a popular venue in for the film industry screening sessions, major fashion events, glamorous music shows, museums and art exhibitions. Therefore, the stylish and luxury design of the Trace

Cultural Materialism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Cultural Materialism - Essay Example "It is based on the simple premise that human social life is a response to the practical problems of earthly existence" (Harris, 1979). The writings of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels are of great influence with this issue of cultural materialism but then it was somehow distinct from Marxist dialectical materialism or sometimes called historical materialism which talks about the notion that Marxism is a synthesis of philosophical dialectics and materialism, and also different from philosophical materialism. Works of Thomas Malthus had encouraged Harris to consider reproduction of equal importance. The research strategy was also influenced by the work of earlier anthropologists including Edward Tylor and Lewis Henry Morgan who, in the 19th century, first proposed that cultures evolved from the less complex to the more complex over time. Leslie White and Julian Steward and their theories of cultural evolution and cultural ecology were instrumental in the reemergence of evolutionist theories of culture in the 20th century and Harris took inspiration from them in formulating cultural materialism. (Harris, Marvin. 2001 [1968]). "Harris, Marvin, 1927-, An American anthropologist who was born in New York City. Graduated at Columbia with a degree of A.B on 1949; took his Ph.D. on 1953. A member of the faculty of Columbia from the years 1952 to 1981, he became the chairman of the anthropology department from 1963 to 1966. He then became a graduate research professor of anthropology at the University of Florida in Gainesville on the year 1981. Harris's major research has consisted of community studies in Latin America and ethnologies of Africa. He was very influential in the development of the theory of cultural materialism. He wrote Patterns of Race in the Americas (1964), The Rise of Anthropological Theory (1968), Cannibals and Kings (1977), America Now (1981), Cultural Materialism (1979), Good to Eat (1986), and Our Kind (1989)." (Slider Encyclopedia) Dr. Marvin Harris is considered to be a generalist with an interest in the global processes that account for human origins and the evolution of human cultures. Due to his interests in cultural anthropology, Dr. Harris assumed the role of an anthropological historian theoretician. His work with cultural materialism took him to the Islas de la Bahia, Brazil, Mozambique, Ecuador, India and East Harlem. Dr. Harris shared his knowledge of cultural anthropology with the world through the publication of 16 books. They include Cows, Pigs, Wars, and Witches and Cannibals and Kings. He also authored an introductory anthropology college textbook with multiple editions titled Culture, People, and Nature. Upon the completion of his previous publications, he composed a series of essays concerning modern human behavior based on our origins according to evolution which he has titled, Our Kind. Dr. Harris died in Gainesville, Florida on October 25, 2001 2001. (Students in an Introduction to Anthropology Class, 2001) BOOK REVIEW Cultural materialism is a systems theory of society that attempts to account for their: origin, maintenance and change. Cultural Materialism is based on two key assumptions about societies. First, the various parts of society are interrelated. When one part of society changes, other parts must also change. This means that an institution, such as the family cannot be looked at in isolation from the economic, political,

Social Institutions Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Social Institutions - Assignment Example For instance, in a family, the father has to work for the needs of the family, the mother takes care of the house, provides love and care to the other members of the family, and children has to do their role to attend school to meet their goal and to abide by their parent’s rules. Functionalist perspective looks at family as having its members with roles to play in order to for the institution to survive. In times of disruption within the family, members have to adjust to go back to its equilibrium. For example, if large families were desired many years ago, today it is considered a threat to the society. To maintain equilibrium, the government provided birth control thus the family has to adjust to the changes. This perspective necessitates the function of each member not only for the family but to contribute to the survival of the society as a whole. However, Functionalist theory is being criticized for its idealistic point of view of the social Institutions. It ignores the fact that conflict or problems may arise as they are inherent part of the society. In addition, this perspective encourages inequalities because it is conservative in nature.

Retail Industry Comparison of China and United States Essay

Retail Industry Comparison of China and United States - Essay Example Retailing has advanced with technology and now we have what we call online retailing as well. There are different types of retail outlets. They are classified according to the products they sell and by marketing strategies. There are the types that do not fall in the two and are classified as others. Retailers of products are food products retailers, hard goods retailers and soft goods retailers. Retailers classified by marketing strategies are the most. They include, department stores, discount store, warehouse stores, variety stores, demographic retailers, Mom-And-Pop retailers, specialty stores, boutiques, general store, hypermarkets, supermarkets, malls, Category specialist, e-tailers, and vending machines. Automated retail stores and big box stores fall in the others category (Pradhan & Pradhan, 2009). Retail Industry in China China’s retail industry is now ranked as the second largest in the world after the USA. The chain stores and Chain supermarkets serving the daily n eeds of the people appeared in china in around a decade ago and they rapidly grew to the extent of being the second largest retail market worldwide. However, there is no dominant player in the retail industry despite its rapid growth, unlike the USA that has dominant players like Wal-Mart and others. Its rapid growth can be owed to the government of China in 1992. The government launched a series of policies to promote fast, orderly and healthy growth of the industry. One of the policies was permitting foreign investment in retailing. The government of China, by 1997, had approved about twenty-four foreign-invested stores. Hundreds of foreign-invested retailing, however, had been established before then after seeking approval from the provincial and municipal authorities (Zhen, 2007). The retailing sector of China is highly fragmented accommodating both medium sized and small retailers. This is different with the United States that have a dominating presence of big retailers. This i s because of the barriers local market access. China does however brag of a wide range of retail formats. Department stores are one of the earliest formats of retail outlets. They were very popular before but they are now facing competition and fighting to stay ahead. Examples of department stores in China are Parkson, Beijing Cuiwei, Golden Eagle, and Shenzhen Suibao. Another retail outlet format is the hypermarkets whose development are owed to the international retailers. Wal-Mart, Mart Shanghai, Trust-Mart, Tesco, and Carrefour are examples of hypermarkets. Supermarkets are another retail outlet that is facing competition. Domestic players dominate this highly fragmented market. Examples of supermarkets in china are Baijia Supermarket and A-Best Supermarket. Convenience stores are not fully developed retailers but are already facing competition from especially from domestic chains. Quick of LianHua is an example of convenience store in China. Specialty stores are retail outlets dominated by domestic players with foreign investment being very limited. Examples are GOME and Suning. Discount stores are still evolving and the first one was introduced in 2003 by Carrefour. Franchising retailing constitutes for around three percent of the total retail market of china with a huge potential for growth in the future. Examples are Pizza Hut, MacDonald’s, KFC, and 7-eleven. Direct selling is another retailing format of china. Its potential for future growth is large. Examples of direct selling retailers are AMWAY, Avon,

Music In My Life Presenation Essay Example for Free

Music In My Life Presenation Essay MUSIC Music is an influence in everyone’s life. The type of music you listen to can shape the person you become and how you act in different situations. The first instrument I learned how to play was the piano. I only played for about a year or so, then I moved on to the violin. I was a big fan of the violin and recall playing in several recitals with my instructor. I found the recitals to be both exciting and nerve racking at the same time, but in the end it was an unforgettable experience I could not live without. During my high school years I became a fan of the guitar. I started playing the acoustic guitar and I enjoyed it more than every other instrument I ever played growing up. Upon my high school graduation, I purchased my own electric guitar. From that day on I tried to play it as often as I could, but now I do not have the time for it like I used to which is a shame and depressing. MY DREAMS One of my fears in life is not having enough time to achieve all of my dreams. I would love to go on a cruise to the Caribbean. While growing up, vacations with my family were a big part of my life and continuing that lifestyle is of utmost importance to me. I am an adventurous type of person and would enjoy doing a few â€Å"extreme† activities in my life. These activities would consist of skydiving and bungee jumping. Another dream of mine is to visit every state in the United States, as well as travel around the world. Later on in life, I would like to complete my career goals by obtaining my PhD to further my career. One of my biggest dreams I hope to achieve someday would be to go to Germany and visit the town named after my family. In Germany, my family was considered Dukes and we eventually had a town named after us. This would be an ideal vacation and it is one the most amazing things I hope to do at some point in my life.

Social Media Marketing Plan | Example

Social Media Marketing Plan | Example Margarita Parker Social Media Plan 1. Determine which 2 social media you will explore. Then research each one in depth beyond the KED textbook. The social media platforms I chose for my professional development are LinkedIn and Google +. There are more than 350 million LinkedIn users in the world; 107 million of them are in the USA (Smith.) â€Å"According to a 2013 survey, close to 100% of job seekers and recruiters use LinkedIn as their primary job search tool† (Gopalakrishnan.) That’s good news. If I create an outstanding LinkedIn profile, it can significantly contribute to my career development. I already have a LinkedIn account. However, it needs to be improved in order to help me in my career. LinkedIn offers two types of accounts – free and paid. The main features of a free account are: â€Å"creating a professional and detailed LinkedIn profile; building a network of connections with no limits on size or numbers; giving and receiving an unlimited number of recommendations; joining or creating up to 50 different LinkedIn Groups† (Elad.) Paid accounts have some additional features: â€Å"sending a message to anyone in the LinkedIn community — regardless of whether she is in your extended network; seeing more LinkedIn network profile information when you conduct advanced searches; seeing exactly who has viewed your profile and how they arrived at your profile; performing a reference check on someone† (Elad.) While a paid account has some very useful features, I will use my free account for now and then upgrade it if needed. I have a Google + account as well, but it needs to be improved to fit my career goals. There are 2.2 billion Google + accounts in the world but only â€Å"about 9% have any publicly posted content† (Barrie.) Google + is not as popular as LinkedIn. Nevertheless, I see a lot of potential in using Google+ for professional development because a strategically optimized Google+ account can help to: become highly visible online – Google is the world’s biggest search engine; link a YouTube channel, a Facebook page, a Twitter account, and a personal or professional website to a Google+ page; network through Circles, Communities, Photo Sharing, Hangouts, and mobile apps; â€Å"provide further social proof legitimizing the career claims you’ve made about yourself verbally and in your career documents, beyond whatever else exists online about you† (Guiseppi.) According to Guiseppi, â€Å"candidates with the stronger online footprint are more appealing to hiring decision makers.† Thus, I need to work on my own online footprint by creating strong, appealing and professional LinkedIn and Google+ accounts. 2. Decide what you want to convey via these social media as part of your professional brand. My goal is to establish myself as an experienced Internet Assessor, connect to professionals who work in the IT field to share ideas and expertise, and possibly find new career opportunities in the future. 3. List steps you would need to do to fully participate with these two selected social media. As LinkedIn and Google+ have different features, some steps would vary for both networks. As I already have accounts on LinkedIn and Google+, I can skip this step. 4. Set up a timeline with dates to go with your steps. According to Yeats, it may take about a year to develop a professional brand (62) so I am planning to spend 9-12 months working on my career profile. LinkedIn Google+ Steps Time Steps Time 1 Start working on my profile – the more complete it is, the better my visibility in the LinkedIn search results will be. Work on headline, summary and experience parts of my profile. August 1, 2015 1 Start working on my profile – the more complete it is, the better my visibility in Google Search engine will be. Work on headline, summary and experience parts of my profile. August 1, 2015 2 Compete the rest of my profile. Upload high-quality cover photo. September 1, 2015 2 Complete the rest of my profile. Upload high-quality cover photo. September 1, 2015 3 Re-order sections on my page so the most important of them will appear first (education and experience) and the less important would appear last (publications and interests.) October 1, 2015 3 â€Å"Craft an eye-catching mini-bio for my hovercard† (King.) October 1, 2015 4 Create a public profile URL and use it â€Å"as a branding tool in my email signature and business card† (Yu.) November 1, 2015 4 Import my contacts to Google+ from Microsoft Outlook and LinkedIn. November 1, 2015 5 Start following companies I am interested in. December 1, 2015 5 Organize my contacts in Circles (a business circle, a family circle, a friends circle, etc.) December 1, 2015 6 Join 50 LinkedIn groups – it will boost my ranking (Yu.) January 1, 2015 6 Get a custom URL for my Google+ profile and add it on my email signature and business card. January 1, 2015 7 Have at least 50 connections. February 1, 2015 7 Find and join niche specific communities. February 1, 2015 8 Get endorsements and recommendations from colleagues and LinkedIn contacts. March 1, 2015 8 Link Facebook, Twitter and YouTube pages to my Google+ account. March 1, 2015 9 Start networking regularly: â€Å"join conversations, engage with others’ content, and share my own content and ideas† (Yu.) April 1, 2015 9 Create Google+ buttons for my Facebook and YouTube pages. April 1, 2015 10 Ask a professional to review my profile and comment on it so I can make some improvements. After all of the above is complete, I will: May 1, 2015 10 Learn how to use Hangouts. May 1, 2015 11 Update my status regularly. At least once a week 11 Ask a professional to review my profile and comment on it so I can make some improvements. After all of the above is complete, I will: June 1, 2015 12 Update my page regularly post links to interesting articles, thoughts on what’s happening in my industry, etc. At least once a week 12 Share interesting content with the people in my Circles regularly. At least once a week 13 Update my profile on a regular basis to keep it current. As needed 13 Update my profile on a regular basis to keep it current. As needed While the approximate time for each step is one month, it will be adjusted as some steps can be completed faster, and the others will take more time than expected. By following the steps listed above, I will strengthen my online presence, build a strong network of professional contacts, and strategically position myself for future opportunities. Works Cited: Barrie, Joshua. Nobody Is Using Google+. Business Insiders. Business Insider, 20 Jan. 2015. Web. 14 June 2015. Elad, Joel. LinkedIn Costs and Benefits. For Dummies. John Wiley Sons, n.d. Web. 14 June 2015. Gopalakrishnan, Aravind. How to Leverage LinkedIn’s Job Seeker Account. School of Information Studies. Syracuse University, 27 Mar. 2014. Web. 14 June 2015. Guiseppi, Meg. Personal Branding Using Google Plus Profiles. Job-Hunt. NETability, n.d. Web. 14 June 2015. King, Cindy. 12 Google+ Marketing Tips from the Pros. Social Media Examiner. Social Media Examiner, 26 Dec. 2011. Web. 17 June 2015. Smith, Craig. By the Numbers: 125+ Amazing LinkedIn Statistics. DMR. DMR, 6 June 2015. Web. 14 June 2015. Yeats, Martin. Knock Em Dead: The Ultimate Job Search Guide 2015. Avon, MS: Adams Media, 2014. E-Book. Yu, Jim. Optimize LinkedIn Like A Pro To Boost Your Personal Brand. Marketing Land. Third Door Media, 3 June 2014. Web. 16 June 2015.

Applications of 3D Printing Technology

Applications of 3D Printing Technology Lara Soueid Abstract What if we could simply print a bone when we have a shattered one? This has now become possible due to the three-dimensional (3D) printing innovation. 3D technology In our days, technology is advancing at a very rapid pace. Out of the many recent innovations is the three dimensional (3D) technology. It has been exploited in various industries such as the movie production, television, computers, and printers industries. This technology has just recently been introduced into the medical field, more specifically, the 3D printers (Walker A, 2013). There are various medical applications of the 3D printers; some of these are to print prosthetic limbs, and implants. So far, there are many advantages, yet also a few disadvantages to the latter. The three dimensional technology relies on the fact that we see things in 3D by our eyes in our daily, that is we visualize objects by their width, length and depth (3deyehealth.org June12, 2014). The process by which our eyes perceive three dimensional images from two highly similar overlaid images was first described by Sir Charles Wheatstone in 1838 (Sniderman Z, 2011). Another name for 3D is stereoscopy; it explains how our eyes and our brain create an impression of a third dimension. Our eyes are approximately 50-75mm apart, hence each eye perceives a slightly different image which the brain merges using some high powered geometry which is basically the 3D concept (Sniderman Z, 2011). Modern 3D technology is trying to replicate what the brain does to merge the images. This technology tricks the brain in order to perceive two different images from the same source (Wong KV, Hernandez A, 2012).There are multiple uses of the 3D technology, mainly architecture, the movie industry, printing and gaming (Sniderman Z, 2011). 3D printing has recently been on the rise, these machines are able to make anything from simple materials. By doing so they replace traditional factory production lines and make everything in life much easier, a person can easily print a cup or chair, or even a house (Walker A, 2013). 3D printing technologies There are various 3D printing technologies being used, namely selective laser sintering (SLS), fused deposition modeling (FDM) and stereolithography (SLA) (Pravas VS, 2013). The SLS printers use a very powerful laser in order to heat and bind the printing material into the required 3D object by scanning the cross sections generated from the 3D digital file. When each cross section is scanned, the powder bed is automatically lowered one layer thickness and new material is placed above it. The object is surrounded and supported by the same powder it is made from. This process is repeated until the object is complete (Deckard C, Beaman J, Bourell D, 2012). Figure 1: Selective Laser Sintering process, Martello.co.uk, June 12, 2014. The second type is the FDM printers, these printers use a process by which thick filaments are melted and forced through a heated nozzle which forms the object. Once the first layer is formed, the base is lowered and the second layer begins forming and fusing with the first layer. However unlike the SLS, these printers require two different materials, the thick filaments in order to make the object and a support material which surrounds and supports the object while it is being made (Deckard et al., 2012). Figure 2: Fused Deposition Modeling process, 3dprinterplans.info, June 12, 2014. The last type of printers are the SLA printers, these printers use liquid photopolymer resin as the basic material. Photopolymers are materials that are sensitive to light, once exposed to ultraviolet (UV) light, they will immediately harden. The UV laser beam traces a cross section of the object onto the resin, which immediately curs when it is exposed to the light (3ders.org, March 14, 2013). The base then lowers and the top is coated with more resin which again gets exposed to UV light hence hardens and mends to the lower layer. This process is repeated until the object is completed (Deckard et al., 2012). Figure 3: Stereolithography printing process. Pravas VS, 2013. The latter are all additive manufacturing processes which require the help of computers. The 3D object blueprint to be printed must first be modeled three dimensionally on a computer software, most commonly using the computer aided design (CAD) software. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), as well as computed tomography (CT) scan can also be used (Pravas VS, 2013). The CAD file is converted into a Standard Tessellation Language (STL) file which transforms the geometry into small triangles, a header, or a triplet list of x, y and z coordinates. This file is then sliced into cross sections exactly as the printer will print, this file is called a G-Code file which can now be directly interpreted by the printer (Wong KV, Hernandez A, 2012). Table 1: Comparison of 3D printing processes. (3dprinteplans.info, June 12, 2014) There are various applications to 3D printing, such as architecture, automotive, engineering, fashion and numerous others. However the most important applications are the use of 3D printers in medicine to produce implants and prosthetics (3dprinterplans.info, 2014, June 12). Throughout the world, poverty is increasing and living costs as well as the medical costs are also increasing. A prosthetic arm for an amputee would cost on average $3,000 to $30,000 depending on the patient’s age, activities, profession and his health hence making it impossible for anyone except the rich population to be able to buy a prosthetic arm or foot (Turner R, 2009). Lucky for the third world countries people, as well as the middle class people, a novel technology will solve the latter issue. The innovation of the 3D printers has and will change many lives. The process of printing a prosthetic hand relies on the FDM technology. The material used is most often high-performance thermoplastics which are biocompatible, and the average price of a 3D printed prosthetic arm is about $200 (Stratasys Ltd, 2014, June 12). The 3D production of prosthetics is not only cheaper, faster and more practical, it is a revolution which allows every amputee of living a normal life again. The main problem in producing a prosthetic arm or leg is the need of a blueprint or prototype. The patient’s limb is scanned using a CT scanner or a laser-based scanner, this image is then converted into a G-Code file which can be directly printed by the printer in order to produce a new very similar limb (Andrews TM, 2013). There was also a problem of printing the socket (the part that will be attached to the amputated limb) accurately (Stratasys Ltd, 2014, June 12). However this has all been solved by the open end prototypes and blueprints available for everyone to use (Stratasys Ltd, 2014, June 12). Sydney Kendall is a thirteen year old girl from St.Louis, her right arm was amputated due to a boating accident when she was six years old. Senior students in the Washington University in St.Louis studying biomedical engineering printed a prosthetic arm using plastic as the raw material for Sydney. The total cost was only $200. This prosthetic is powered by a battery and controlled by an accelerometer allowing her to move her prosthetic fingers (Washington University in St.Louis Newsroom [WUSTL], 2014). The most recent 3D printed prosthetic hand is the â€Å"Flexy-hand†, produced by Gyrobot Ltd by Steve Wood. This prosthetic arm looks very similar to a natural human hand and it operates like one too. He has used Filaflex flexible filaments which form tendons that are activated by a motor that allows the prosthetic hand to operate very much like a normal human hand. (Krassenstein E, 2014) Maxillofacial prosthetics are also being produced by 3D printers. Usually the conventional maxillofacial prosthetics production requires that an impression from the trauma site is taken, then a plaster positive should be formed, a mould should be made and the specific shape must be carved in the wax, lastly it must be casted in silicone. This is very laborious, time consuming and expensive to be done. Using the 3D technology, the patient’s face should be 3D-scanned, this image will then be converted to the appropriate file to print the perfectly fitting prosthetic part (Wainwright O, 2014, June 12). 3D-printed titanium shoulder and collar bone implants were successfully implanted into three different patients suffering from cancerous bone tumors in Xi’an, China. The bone design was printed using the selective laser sintering technique which fused titatium powder into the exact shape of the patient’s bone. The implants do not cause infections and are very durable and resistant (Zeng C, 2014). This has also been done in the United Kingdom for a cancer patient (Moore G, 2014). Soon, 3D printing will replace manufacturing industries and save millions of lives. Various kinds of implants such as knee caps, skulls, auditory devices, and jaw bones have already been produced by a 3D printer and have successfully been implanted. There are 2 astonishing cases whose patients have been given a second chance to live due to 3D printers. The first case is Stephen Power, he is a survivor of a motorbike accident that shattered his face. His face was reconstructed at Morrison Hospital in Swansea, however, his entire face was reconstructed using custom made 3D printed models, plates, implants and guides. The surgical team used CT scans to create symmetrical 3D models of Power’s skull which they then printed, implanted, and held in place using a printed titanium implant (Griffith H, 2014). The second case is of a 22 year old woman from the Netherlands who had her skull replaced by a 3D printed skull implant. She suffered from a chronic bone disorder which increases the thickness of her skull, neurosurgeons at the University Medical Centre Utrecht pr inted a perfectly fitting durable plastic skull implant (University Medical Center Utrecht [UMCU] research news, 2014). Dr.Bon Verweij of the UMCU says: â€Å"Its now three months after the operation. The patient has fully regained her vision, she has no more complaints, shes gone back to work and there are almost no traces that she had any surgery at all. The printing process of prosthetics and implants requires hours to a few days maximum. There aren’t any documented reactions to the prosthesis or implants, they are cheaper, more durable, more resistant, less laborious and they are FDA approved (Pollack SK, Coburn J, 2013). However the main disadvantage is the expensive price of the printer and the designing program. Most prototypes are open ended and available online for modification and many hospitals and universities now have 3D printers (Stratasys Ltd, 2014, June 12). With the increasing popularity and availability of 3D printers, we are finally ableto create prosthetics and implants under $1000. Even though alternative production methods are present, they are not available to the people that need them most due to their high cost. They are cheap, fast, References 3deyehealth organization team. Seeing in 3D. Retrieved June 12, 2014, from www.3deyehealth.org 3dprinterplans team. (2014, May 6). How To 3D Print – Beginner’s Guide To 3D Printing. Retrieved 2014, June 12, from http://3dprinterplans.info/how-to-3d-print-beginners-guide-to-3d-printing/ Andrews TM. (2013, August 23). Can we really 3D print limbs for amputees? The atlantic magazine. Retrieved 2014, June 12, from http://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2013/08/can-we-really-3-d-print-limbs-for-amputees/278987/ Deckard C, Beaman J, Bourell D. (2012, December 7). [Interviews in the University of Texas]. Retrieved 2014, June 12, from http://www.me.utexas.edu/news/2012/0712_sls_history.php#ch4. Griffith H. (2014, March 12). Pioneering 3D printing reshapes patient’s face in Wales. BBC news. Retrieved 2014, June 12, from http://www.bbc.com/news/uk-wales-26534408 Krassenstein E. (2014, March 10). The Flexy-Hand – The Most Innovative, Useful, Realistic Looking 3D Printed Prosthetic Hand Yet. 3D print blog. Retrieved 2014, June 12, from http://3dprint.com/1500/the-flexy-hand-3d-printed-prosthetic/ Moore G. (2014, February 11). Surgeons have implanted a 3-D printed pelvis into a U.K. cancer patient. Fierce Medical Devices Newsletter. Retrieved 2014, June 12, from http://www.fiercemedicaldevices.com/story/surgeons-have-implanted-3-d-printed-pelvis-uk-cancer-patient/2014-02-11 Pollack SK, Coburn J. (2013, August 15). FDA goes 3-D. FDA voice. Retrieved 2014, June 12, from http://blogs.fda.gov/fdavoice/index.php/2013/08/fda-goes-3-d/ Pravas VS. (2013). 3D Printing – ‘Modern Manufacturing Rapid Prototyping’. Engineers Garage. Retrieved 2014, June 12, from http://www.engineersgarage.com/articles/what-is-3d-printing-modern-manufacturing-and-rapid-prototyping?page=1 Scheineder Prototyping Limited members. Rapid Prototyping Stereolithography (SLA) Models. Retrieved 2014, June 12, from http://www.martello.co.uk/rapid_prototyping.htm Sniderman Z. (2011, February 07). How Does 3D Technology Work? The Innovative Entertainment Series – Dolby. Retrieved 2014, June 12, from http://mashable.com/2011/02/07/how-does-3d-work/ Stratasys limited. FDM technology case studies. Retrieved 2014, June 12, from http://www.stratasys.com/resources/case-studies/medical Turner R. (2009, May 30). Prosthetics costs. Retrieved 2014, June 12, from http://www.disabled-world.com/assistivedevices/prostheses/prosthetics-costs.php University Medical Center Utrecht newsroom. (2014, March 27). University Medical Center Utrecht – Netherlands. Retrieved 2014, June 12, from http://www.umcutrecht.nl/research/news/2014/03/3d-printed-skull-implanted-in-patient.htm Wainwright O. Faces to order: how 3D printing is revolutionizing prosthetics. The guardian. Retrieved 2014, June 12, from http://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/architecture-design-blog/2013/nov/08/faces-3d-printing-prosthetics Walker A. (2013, June 21). 3D printing for dummies: How do 3D printers work? The independent newspaper. Retrieved 2014, June 12 from http://www.independent.co.uk/ Washington University in St.Louis Newsroom. ( 2014, May 7). WUSTL students print pink prosthetic arm for teen girl. Retrieved 2014, June 12, from http://news.wustl.edu/news/Pages/26901.aspx Wong KV, Hernandez A.( 2012). A Review Of Additive Manufacturing. ISRN Mechanical Engineering. Volume 2012. Article ID 208760. Retrieved 2014, June 12, from http://dx.doi.org/10.5402/2012/208760. Zeng C. (2014, June 3). In China, world’s first successful 3D-printed shoulder and collar bone implants. 3ders organization newsroom. Retrieved 2014, June 12, from http://www.3ders.org/articles/20140603-in-china-world-first-successful-3d-printed-shoulder-and-collar-bone-implants.html

The Impact of Computers on Society :: Essays Papers Technology Essays

The Impact of Computers on Society Computer technology not only has solved problems but also has created some, including a certain amount of culture shock as individuals attempt to deal with the new technology. A major role of computer science has been to alleviate such problems, mainly by making computer systems cheaper, faster, more reliable, easier to use. Computers are forever present in the workplace. Word processors-computer software packages that simplify the creational and modification of documents-have largely replaced the typewriter. Electronic mail has made it easy to send messages worldwide via computer communication networks. Office automation has become the term for linking workstations, printers, database system, and other tools by means of a local-area network. An eventual goal of office automation has been termed the 'paperless office.' Although such changes ultimately make office work much more efficient, they have not been without cost in terms of purchasing and frequently upgrading the necessary hardware and software and of training workers to use the new technology. Computer integrated manufacturing is a relatively new technology arising from the application of many computer science sub disciplines to support the manufacturing enterprise. The technology of CIM emphasizes that all aspects of manufacturing should be not only computerized as much as possible but also linked together via a computer communication network into an integrated whole. In short, CIM has the potential to enable manufacturers to build cheaper, higher-quality products and thus improve their competitiveness. Making a telephone call no longer should conjure up visions of operators connecting cables by hand or even of electrical signals causing relays to click into place and effect connections during dialing. The telephone system now is just a multilevel computer network with software switches in the network nodes to route calls get through much more quickly and reliably than they did in the past. A disadvantage is the potential for dramatic and widespread failures; for as has happened. The downside of this technology is the potential for security problems. Intruders can see packets traveling on a network and can perhaps interpret them to obtain confidential information. Computer technology has had a significant impact on retail stores. All but the smallest shops have replaced the old-fashioned cash register with a terminal linked to a computer system. The terminal may require that the clerk type in the code for the item; but more and more frequently the checkout counter include a bar-code scanner, a device that directly reads into the computer the UPC printed on each package.

How Private Must an Objectionably Private Language Be? :: Philosophy Philosophical Papers

How Private Must an Objectionably Private Language Be? ABSTRACT: Some philosophers, taking their cue from Philosophical Investigations (PI) 243-315, suppose that a private language is objectionable only when its terms refer to Cartesian mental events. Others (notably Kripke) have focused on PI 201 and the surrounding remarks about rule following, and have explicated the notion of an objectionable private language as (roughly) that of a language used by just one isolated individual unsupported at any time by any source of external or community correction and approval. I attempt to defend Kripke's account against some objections proffered by Simon Blackburn. Blackburn supposes that individuals are no worse off than communities with respect to the difficulties raised by Kripke, and argues that the "paradox" of PI 201 can be avoided by a proper understanding of extended dispositions, and by grasping the possibility of private practices. But Blackburn misconstrues what it is to go on in the "same" way in following a rule, and ignores the plac e of constitutive rules in practices. Some philosophers, taking their cue from Philosophical Investigations (PI) 243 - 315, suppose that a private language is objectionable only when its terms refer to Cartesian mental events. In this "strong" sense private languages are very private indeed. Others (notably Kripke, 1982) have focused on PI 201 and the surrounding remarks about rule following, and have explicated the notion of an objectionably private language as (roughly) that of a language used by just one isolated individual unsupported at any time by any source of external or community correction and approval. I think of this as a "weaker" sense of 'private language.' In sec. 1 I attempt to defend the "Kripke - Wittgenstein" (henceforth 'KW') version of the private language argument against some objections proffered by Simon Blackburn. KW takes languages which are private in the weaker sense to be objectionable, and claims that the later discussion (PI 243 - 315) deals with a "special case" falling under the more general discussion of rule following in earlier sections. In section II I briefly consider some possible objections from Wittgenstein himself to my defense of Kripke. I "This was our paradox: no course of action could be determined by a rule, because every course of action can be made out to accord with the rule"(PI 201). According to KW the reason any course of action could accord with the rule is that there is no fact about an individual to which he can point in justifying going on one way (in the application of a word, continuation of a number series, etc.

Mental Health Court Essay

Mental health courts are a resource given to prisoners who would normally be put in prison if they had not decided to join this special program. Mental health court is a court run program by the district attorney’s office in some counties. This program is based off of traditional court room structure but is also paired with community services. Mental health courts solve a lot of different problems within our criminal justice system. The first problem it solves is the systematic problem that we have with putting seriously mentally ill offenders in prison instead of putting them in a mental hospital or going through a mental health court program to help them deal with their illness. This gives the offenders the ability to learn how to handle their illness and stay on track to getting their life back together (Thompson, M., Osher, F., & Tomasini-Joshi, D. ,2008). People who work in the mental health court systems take the time out of their day to really take a critical look at th e issues that offenders with mental illnesses face in the criminal justice system. They help craft new ways to deal with these offenders for example with some people you need a more hands on approach in their treatment program and a soft guiding hand, but with other individuals you need to have a firmer no nonsense approach to make them realize that this is not a game but rather an opportunity to get their life back together. The mental health court really gives offenders the ability to work on major mental illnesses while working on taking care of legal issues. This is a very important step in the criminal justice system, because many individuals only committed these crimes due to the fact that they were off their medication at the time the crime occurred (Thompson, M., Osher, F., & Tomasini-Joshi, D. 2008). Mental health courts are very similar to a drug court that you would see. Mental health courts are more of a relaxed dynamic compared to your traditional court room setting. Mental health courts typically meet once a week on a specific day and at a specific ti me. Before the mental health court the case worker, probation officer, judge, and many other people apart of the mental health court process meet to discuss each individual before they see them that day. They spend this time making decisions on what to do with certain individuals who aren’t complying with the terms and also how to keep encouraging everyone who is doing a great job in the program. Mental health court is defiantly more of an encouraging environment for offenders than a traditional court room setting. You have a lot of people who truly want to rehabilitate these offenders and give all their effort to do so. Mental health court is a program that is voluntary. Offenders must opt-in to mental health court to receive the treatment that he/she wants to receive. Some places give the offender the ability to observe the mental health court process while they decide if they want to participate. Although many apply for mental health court not all are accepted into this pr ogram. In order to be accepted into mental health court you have to have had an evaluation with a psychiatrist and have been diagnosed with a mental illness. Every court varies and because of the extensive amount of disorders in the DSM which as of this year is now 800 pages long not every disorder is accepted as the right diagnosis for mental health court. While I am talking about this section I am going to use York County as an example for what is expected of someone in mental health court and what diagnostic criteria you have to meet. To be accepted into the York County mental health court you must meet the diagnostic criteria which means you must be diagnosed with a major Axis I diagnosis, which includes disorders like Bipolar Disorders, Major Depressive Disorders, and Schizophrenia. PTSD is usually only excepted when you are a veteran and then you would not go into the mental health court but into the veteran’s court that they offer. Other disorders besides these can sometimes be acceptable but they have to come with substantial evidence that it impaired their judgment. At York County an exclusion from the mental health court would be if you had any previous charges they are not resolved in other states. Not every charge is allowed to enter into mental health court some examples of that are murder, any sexual charge, any violent offense (example aggravated assault), and anyone who is classified as a violent offender. Although these crimes are excluded under the conditions under certain circumstances they might allow one of these charges to enter into mental health court. Along with a list of certain circumstances to get into mental health court York County also provides a list of prohibited medications in the treatment court so people are aware of the rules before entering. The mental health court at York County has three phases for the offenders and has listed what is expected of them and what the possible sanctions if they do not follow what is required of them (York county mental health court manual, May, 2005). I stated earlier how most mental health court programs are for a yearlong and can change depending on what happens with the offender and the treatment courts position. From being able to have the opportunity to work and observe the mental health court process I learned a lot. York Counties mental health court is not like most according to the research that I found. The treatment court there is mandatory for everyone to attend for 18 months which is why there are the three phases of this program. I think that 18 months is a great reasonable time for someone to complete this program and truly get everything they need out of it. Before you enter York Counties program besides the mental diagnosis you also need to plead guilty to all the charges that have been brought up on you. It is very important for the offender before entering the program to recognize what they did was wrong and that they need to own up to what they have done. The offender has to sign many papers including the contractual agreement saying that they are committing to program for the designated 18 months and they will comply with the entire requirements or face the sanctions that are listed in the manual. Towards the end of completion offender visits become less at York County and then if they are cleared they do not have to come back till graduation day. York County took graduation very seriously because it gave the offenders a sense of accomplishment and sometimes for some of them it was the only time in their lives that they had finally finished something. I was lucky enough while interning there that I was able to go through the end part of the mental health court journey with some people and see them graduate. Overall I feel like York County likes to give an approach of a soft but firm stand point in the treatment court. Everyone who worked there was dedicated to helping the offenders live a mentally better life and stay on track after they graduate (York county mental health court manual, May, 2005). The plea structure of mental health court is very different than the typical plea agreements you see in a regular court system. When you are accepted into mental health court the prosecuting attorney will then proceed to freeze the charges that you are currently charged with. If you have been charged with a felony typically if you complete the mental health court and do everything you were supposed to do the felony will be reduced into a misdemeanor. If you have been charged with a misdemeanor they the charges against you after successful completion will then be dropped from your record (The Proliferation of Mental Health Courts). Mental health courts like I had stated earlier do not typically take violent offenders or certain charges and this is why mental health court is sometimes longer than the actual time they would have served for just the crime. The treatment time in mental health court is usually around a yea r although it can be extended for a period of two years. The court has the right to extend the treatment of the offender if they deem it to be something that is absolutely necessary for them to do in order for the offender to have the opportunity to fully get what they need out of the program. Like I had stated earlier they are required to attend mental health court often and one of the reasons for this is so the judge can monitor them along with the other court personal. Along with attending mental health court they are required to attend all other programs and meet with their probation officer on a consistent basis in order to be in compliance with terms of the treatment court. Overall if they attend what they are supposed to over time the amount of attending the treatment court will lessen towards the end of their treatment. The amount of time that the offender spends in treatment court should not go over the maximum time they would have spent in prison or on probation for their crime (Thompson, M., Osher, F., & Tomasini-Joshi, D. 2008). Mental health courts often reach out to other resources in the community to give the offenders the ability to continue on their path to recovery after the treatment court ends. They provide resources like counseling services after, group meetings to keep them on track, and job placement to keep them an active and productive member of society. All of these resources give the offenders the ability to keep on track an d give a smoother transition back into the community. I think that this is almost if not more important than the treatment court itself. So many times we see that these offenders end up recidivating because they are put back in the same situations that they were in before without any resources to keep them on track. Community resources are a really good thing that the courts do and hopefully continue to do in the future with these courts (The Proliferation of Mental Health Courts). The short term goals of mental health court would be to help offenders get into treatment for their mental illness and reduce the amount of people that we currently have incarcerated. Usually each mental health court has its own set of goals specifically designed for them but they usually fall into basically the same thing. Some of the long term goals for mental health courts is to increase the public safety by hopefully reducing the crime and recidivism rate with the offenders, to encourage treatment amo ng the mental ill community within the criminal justice system, lessening the cost on the community by using the corrections institutions, and overall improving the quality of life for the population of mentally ill people in the criminal justice system (Mental health courts a primer for policy makers and practitioners, 2008). Mental health courts have many benefits to the community and the criminal justice system. Overall in most areas they have been decently successful. Down at York County District Attorney’s Office with my experience in mental health court many people completed the program, but sometimes it really depended on the drive the own individual had to really change their life and turn it around. They contribute to the cases moving faster through the criminal justice system, help the communication between the criminal justice community and mental health communities, and help the offenders with true mental illnesses learn how to deal with them. Mental health courts have had good support from the community and funding which makes this program possible. I do believe that these courts are a great asset to the criminal justice system and help the community with mental illness. So many of the state hospitals in Pennsylvania have closed it has created a large amount of the prison population with mental illnesses not receiving the proper treatment for their disorders. I believe that mental health courts are a great way to reduce the prison population and give people who truly need those resources the opportunity to get them. Each and every county is working hard to serve the offenders the best they can in this court. The idea of treatment court has room for a tremendous amount of gro wth and I only see it becoming an even better system in the future of our criminal justice system. In conclusion from the research that I conducted I found that mental health courts that took a softer approach on their offenders and led them the right way with a gentle hand were more successful. Building relationships with the offenders during this process is just as important as them following through with the proper treatments. Holding them accountable and guiding them are two of the most important components from what I observed. Like I had stated earlier mental health courts have a bright future in our criminal system and seem to do more good for society than harm. References Mental health courts a primer for policy makers and practitioners. (2008). The Proliferation of Mental Health Courts. Center for Court Innovation. N.p., n.d. Web. 1 Sept. 2013 Thompson, M., Osher, F., & Tomasini-Joshi, D. (2008).Improving responses to people with mental illnesses: The essential elements of a mental health court. What have we learned from evaluations of mental health courts?. (N.d.). York county mental health court manual . (May, 2005).

Factors Influencing Conflicts In Schools Education Essay

THESIS suggestion FOR THE MASTERS DEGREE IN educational LEADERSHIPIntroduction validational psychologists start with the site that on that point is, or can be, a true dispute betwixt a humane being and his or her occupation of pasture, amid the satisfaction of the demands of the single worker, and the demands of the victimization boldness. How ever so, nigh(prenominal)what common land between them is that people withdraw demands and, accordingly, motivations for making things. These demands and motivations, hence, do meet peoples demeanor, and their conduct c an be explained, ( Chris, A. ) . on that point can be conflict between the ends of the presidential terms and the ends of people working for those organisations. The manner to suspend such agitates in pattern is non by rancidering payoffs and sweetenings to the workers, nor is it by go them monumental overt assistance plans, but is by altering the re completelyy construction and ends of the organisation t o suit peoples personal ends, ( Chris, A. , in Kooontz, H. and C. ODonnel, 1976 ) . temporary hookup other minds suggest that, the best character reference of organisation is one which succeeds best in bring throughing the adjustment of peoples personal ends by go on worker engagement in intention devising, enabling workers to engineer for the hills through themselves and en press a broad assortment of endowments, fashion by aims alternatively than by authorization, and eventually, skilful communicating and expressive supervising.Schools as organisations argon s fear to be influenced by a combination of factors and concord their ain organisational civilisation of alteration and information, ( M telephone numberi, D.M.,1974 ) .In nigh instances, civilise development implies the direction of planned alteration. These alterations may at times be consistent or non consistent with the organisational acculturation, ( ) .Unplanned alterations argon no to a greater extent th an accidents, ( ) .An effort to redesign a work organisational civilization in the manner that forget accommodate to the alterations within and in the impertinent environment or to efficaciously accomplish the ends virtuallytimes result into fences, Mosha, H. ( 1994 ) .This may be caused by displacements in the involvement and perceptual experiences of the organisation members, fright of alteration, self involvement, perceptual experience of the organisation ends schemes by instructors or long for ingenuous old yearss .The naturalise direction has to get the better of these factors if it is to carry through the planned alteration.BACKGROUND TO THE PROBLEMSchools feel traditionalisticly been expected to learn kids faculty member exploits. The aim has the duty to develop in each kid a affirmatory attitude towards breeding.Schools be excessively topographical points where pupils interact with one another, their instructors and educational last makers. M any pedagogue s believe that pupil behavior affects academic accomplishment ( Boothe, Bradley, Flick, Keough, and Kirk,1993 ) .Traditional disciplinary patterns include assorted signifiers of penalty base on the premise that if negative behaviors atomic number 18 eliminated, the schoolhouseroom clime will be contributing for achievement, ( Canter & A Canter, 1992 ) . Critics of traditional disciplinary patterns believe that the accent on penalty thwarts development of pupil duty, leading, independency and mutuality ( Dreyfuss,1990, in Mahduri Pendharkar,1995 ) .Tanzania like any other create sound outs is at the head to do socio economic transmutations to accomplish well-nigh l avail down rules in the Millenium maturation Goals ( MDGs ) . just about(predicate) major transmutations have been direct towards bettering the direction and public innovation of educational establishments including more enrolment in both primary and secondary schools, and prioritising misss instruction, ( TDREG 1989 ) .The period between 2000 t0 2005 have showed an change magnitude school registration. This has besides force on enlisting of more instructors and increased authorities outgo in instruction, ( BEST 2005 ) . spell improved public presentation in instruction is expected, developing for direction is often neglected. The pretend has reflected on often and repeated make dos in schools attesting in boycott, public violence, bead outs, every bend keen as dislocation of managerial capacities and answerability in some schools. Whereas, conflict contract bridge accomplishments for instructors or pupils in closely schools is non emphasized.In most schools in Tanzania on that point argon discipline Masterss, Patrons and Matrons whose traditional voice is to stamp down negative behaviors of pupils. Some of them were appointed on the footing of legitimate personal right(a)ties instead than the needed accomplishments. or so of them lack conflict direction accomplishments. As a consequence pupils hate them. This is impacted by deficiency of deal declaration accomplishments in schools. The accent is on inflexible regulations and subject.Lyons and Hathering ( 1992 ) pointed out that, organisation wellness is characterized by in high spirits degrees of trust, embarrassed struggle and clash, wishing for differences, personal dissolvedom and single shore leave in forms of supervising and fancy. Conflict in schools need to be decently managed in order to make a legal organisational clime that is so of import for profound acquisition and public presentation of duties. Mosha, H.J. ( 1994 ) hard-pressed that, some struggles in higher acquisition establishments occur due to miss of proper diagnosing taking to crisis. Conflicts in schools atomic number 18 either non understood or non managed decently.Burton ( 1969 ) suggested for struggle direction which include disincentive schemes aimed at avoiding escalation of struggle while retentivity contro l without giving manner. Burton off the beaten track(predicate)ther suggested that if struggle physiques towards crisis victorious direction should be able to outlaw the conflicting forces towards a constructive instead than a destructive way.However, instructors developing plans in Tanzania have non provided for greater flexibleness for instructors to twist off struggles other than dismission martinets. mismanagement of struggles in schools has resulted into increased authorities treatment taking to closing of schools and increased outgo. Meanwhile, rough-and-ready instruction and acquisition plans are ever impaired taking to farther crisis in schools and the authorities in general. The state of personal matters besides creates burn out to some instructors to alter their calling.STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEMThe intent of this lot is to look into on the factors act uponing struggles in schools in Tanzania. Several struggles have been inform to withdraw annihilating impacts. There are often and repeated struggles in most schools in Tanzania. The scientific account about the temperament of these struggles is non sober established neither documented. It has besides been reported that those struggles involve school ratiocination makers and instructors, instructors and pupils, pupils and the school disposal, every bit good as pupils themselves. At some degrees struggles escalate to affect the external school environment.The impacts of these struggles have resulted into loss of lives of some pupils, dismantled school edifices, public violences, boycott and increased belligerencies in the workplace, deficiency of contributing learning larning environment, dismissal and suspension of pupils, decision makers and instructors.This hatful hence, is an effort to look into on the constitution of struggles in schools, and perchance practise up with the existent account as to wherefore they often occur, every bit good to engraft up attacks that can be applied to harmonise the state of affairs.OBJECTIVES OF THE battlefield( a ) . To place the nature of struggles in public secondary schools in Tanzania.( B ) . To set up agencies to minimise struggles in schools.( degree Celsius ) . To lend and widen learning and accomplishments in struggle direction for schools instructors and decision makers.( vitamin D ) . To act upon the authorities form _or_ dodging of government in instruction, struggle direction is an broad(a) portion of the modern-day school environment.RESEARCH QUESTIONS/HYPOTHESES implication OF THE STUDYThis glance is intended to be wide spectrum in nature. It is expected to come up with come-at-able account of the beginnings of struggles in schools as acquisition and work topographic points in Tanzania. It will besides set up possible preventative struggle direction attacks that are so inherent and could be applied in deciding struggles which arise in the school environment.Whereas, the survey is expected to lend the c oevals of tender penetrations, recognition and accomplishments in direction in general, and organize a baseline for school decision makers, directors, instructors and pupils to reflect on during state of affairss of professions taking to struggles. This survey is possibly the trailblazer one every bit far as conflict direction in schools is concerned. It is expected to act upon the policy of the authorities. Conflicts in the modern-day school environment are going portion and package of the entire instruction system. Finally, the survey will impact on other broader dimensions of the societal systems in Tanzania.LITERATURE REVIEWThis subdivision reviews and examines briefly some literature on relevant donnish work.Mosha, H.J. ( 1994 ) describes struggle as an synergistic opposing behaviour between two or more people, organisations or systems over contrasting ends, involvements, scarce resources, values, belief system, power and prestigiousness, nature of relationship every bit good as public presentation. He farther states that, struggles behaviours may run from rational shove or malicious chitchat all the manner to utilize of physical force to do devastation of belongings or physical hurt.Mosha, ( 1994 ) further suggests that struggles are built-in portion of any societal system they need to be decently managed in order to make a brawny organisational clime that is so of import for hard-hitting public presentation of duties.Whereas, Lyons and Hatherly, ( 1992 ) remark on organisational wellness that is the province in establishments characterized by by and large high degrees of trust, low struggle and single liberty in forms of supervising and control. Lyons and Hatherly farther insist that in wellness organisations relationships are honest, there is high grade of trust, hapless public presentation is confronted and joint solutions sought. Peoples feel free to ratify jobs and take part in fortuity solutions.Murphy and Saal ( 1990 ) in Mosha, ( 199 4 ) utter that struggle direction is a procedure of going aware of existent or possible struggle, naming its nature and range and using appropriate methodological analysis to open the emotional energy involved and enable challenging parties to understand and decide their differences. While, Burton ( 1969 ) adds on struggle direction that include disincentive schemes aimed at avoiding escalation of struggle while keeping control without giving manner.Harmonizing to Gray and Starke ( 1990 ) traditionalists conceived struggle as being per se bad. under(a) this school of thought members of the organisation who caused the struggle were regarded as emotionally disturbed, otherwise they should non train caused the struggle. Therefore, to extinguish the struggle and thereby work out the job it was necessary to come alive or acquire psychiatric aid for the responsible employees ( Jandt and Gillettee,1985 ) .The modern theoreticians harmonizing to ( Gray and Starke,1990 ) in Mosha, ( 199 4 ) argue that organisational struggle is neither good nor bad per Se, and that it is inevi confuse. Conflict is inevitable and non needfully harmful. Indeed, they continue to reason that you can non hold an organisation, community or society that is free from struggle.However, Mosha, H.J. ( 1979169 ) argues that competency should be the major touchstone for engagement as educational jobs have branchings that require attending and specialised aid is utile in mobilising needed cognition and judgement.At another graduated table of looking at leading manners, Bennis, W.G. , ( 1989 ) was of the position that the challenges facing organisational leaders are race even to the most audacious. Bennis farther remarks that organisational restructuring has bulldozed off much worker morale and trueness, on with many degrees of direction and 1000s of occupations. The disentangled bonds between workers and organisations have increased worker aberration and raised turnover.Bennis, W.G. ( 1989 ) farther commented on accomplishing manners, civilizations, values, wagess and discontinuities that organisations have their particular achieving manners, manners that their civilizations, consciously or unconsciously instill in their members. That is, organisations characteristically reward certain(prenominal) sorts of accomplishing behaviour and punish or disregard other sorts.Organizational civilization both comfort and call for its members. It comforts them by bring forthing a familiar context for organisational life and offering rank to those who conform. At the same clip, organisational civilization controls members by compressing the scope of behaviors and attitudes that are valued and rewarded.Furthermore, Max weber ( 1864-1920 ) examined the organisation and came up with the sentiment that the term organisation meant the ordination of societal relationships, the care of which certain persons took upon themselves as a particular undertaking. Weber, farther maintains that the presence of a leader and an administrative staff was a feature of an organisation, which in fact was them who preserved the organisation. Hence, basic to Weber s thoughts was the impression that human behaviour is regulated by regulations. The being of a distinguishable set of regulations was inexplicit in the construct of organisation.On direction, Henry Fayol ( 1916 ) stated that to pull off is to calculate and be after to form, to command and to coordinate and to command. While G.A. Cole ( 1994 ) proposed a on the job definition for strategic direction as a procedure directed by top direction to find the primeval purposes or ends of the organisation and guarantee a scope of determinations which will let for the accomplishment of those purposes or ends in the long-run whilst preparation for adaptative responses in the short term. The above implies that, if the direction is non successful in finish with oppositions to alter and if it still wishes to alter and continues to u se the alteration plan, struggle will at long last originate, Mosha, ( 1994 ) . Whereas, Ekval, G. ( 1993 ) cautioned that where counter groups, divisions and cantonments exist the work clime is bound to be hapless.

Massage Therapy

Annotated Bibliography and Critique manipulate Therapy September 19th, 2012 psychiatric infirmary The substitute therapy I chose to research was manipulate therapy. The Oxford lexicon of Psychology defines abrade therapy as manual theatrical role of soft tissue to promote physical and rational health and s sanitary- world. Forms of abrade therapy domiciliate be traced dressing to ancient Chinese, Egyptian, Greek, Roman, Hindu, and Japanese civilizations (abrade therapy, 2008).I chose to do this affair for my annotated bibliography beca utilize I am interested in larn much than than somewhat the avails of corrade and to understand ways of healing throe and discomfort through suffer and manual manipulation. I believe that abrase therapy is not only helpful in the relief of botheration and discomfort but also helps in the ruttish maintenance of romantic relationships. article One Ho, Y. , Lee, R. , Chow, C. , & Pang, M. (2010). feign of manipulate therapy on motor outcomes in actually low-birth cant over infants Randomized controlled pilot convey.Pediatricsinternational, 52, 378-385. The purpose of this randomize examination was to investigate the efficacy of manipulate therapy on static preterm VLBW infants in promoting motor development, tilt gain, and earlier pretermit from the hospital (Ho et al. , 2010, p. 378). Ho et al. suggest that it is generally pass judgment that infants at 32 weeks gestational age and beyond whitethorn benefit from corrade therapy (Ho et al. , 2010, p. 378). This was a randomized controlled intervention pilot trial that studied infants whose gestational age was between 25 and 34 weeks with VLBW.Two types of knead interventions were performed on separate groups of infants for 15 proceeding in duration. One intervention being 5 minutes of massage therapy with tactile stimulation in the beginning and third phases and physical activity phase in the second phase and the other therapy (sham interfe rence) consisted of gentle unsounded touch producing no indentation in the peel off. severally intervention was done an hour subsequently feedings. free-and-easy caloric intake was recorded as comfortably as bodyweight before intervention, at 36 weeks PCA, and afterwards intervention.The results of this say were shown to be that out of the 24 infants that were involved, the infants with scummy initial motor performance had significantly more correctment in motor outcomes and conciselyer length of hospital stay following massage therapy than sham treatment (Ho et al. , 2010, p. 381) Article One Critique Strengths of this hold were the radical explanation of the therapies done with the infants. This allows for easy replication of the examine should anyone try and implement these types of massage therapies in hospital NICUs.This bind also outlined implications for succeeding(a) research suggesting that a large sample surface would be beneficial for another orbit f ield to call for more accurate results. The authors pulmonary tuberculosis and interpretation of the evidence lead to the same inference as was devoted in the conclusion. Appropriate methods to gather evidence was use and measurements were done at abstract reaping stages. I believe that the results of this education were harmonious with what the conclusion verbalize in the end.Shortcomings of this article atomic number 18 stated within the article saying that the prep ar of massage on preterm infants motor developmental outcomes thence remains uncertain, and a study with a more rigorous study design is warranted (Ho et al. , 2010, p. 378). Excluding certain infants from the study I believe was also a short coming in this article. They limited infants that had maternal medicate addictions, congenital abnormalities, and genetic disorders. This was a restriction to this study because it didnt allow for results to show if massage therapy could benefit these types of peg downs in newborns.Limiting infants such as ones with congenital abnormalities may buzz off allowed the results to show better growth in the overall group. For succeeding(a) studies infants with circumstances such as congenital abnormalities or maternal drug addiction could be included as a third subgroup for scrutiny of massage therapy to see if the benefits of this alternative therapy aids in their growth and development. Article Two Munk, N. , Kruger, T. , & Zanjani, F. (2011). Massage therapy workout and reported health in old(a) adults.The diary of Alternative and encomiastic Medicine, 17(7), 609- 616. A randomized study was done to examine the impact of massage therapy in older adults with glum disturb compared to dour paroxysm clients who have not sought out the use of alternative therapies such as massage therapy. This article suggests that high rates of persistent and acute imposition have been reported by users of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) in cluding recipients of massage therapy (MT), with pain being the original reason some adults utilize CAM treatments (Munk et al. 2011, p. 609). Participants of this study were 60 92 eld from Lexington, Kentucky either from 500 randomly selected Feyette County voters or from surveys given out at massage therapy clinics. Surveys and questions were dispersed to to to severally one one participant and answers were recorded. The results of this study were mean annual income and twelvemonths of education were significantly higher for those who utilized MT in the past socio-economic class compared to those who did not aim MT usage in the past year (Munk et al. , 2011, p. 611).Furthermore, participants who utilized MT in the past year had significantly higher incomes, more years of education, and greater cumulative CAM usage than those who did not report massage usage (Munk et al. , 2011, p. 612). Article Two Critique The strengths of this article were that it suggested future studies to look into things such as indemnity change that would help with older adults being competent to afford massage therapy or be cover under their benefits. Another strength of this article was that it lists its limitations, allowing future studies to build off of the limitations they had and continue with the study.Shortcomings of this article were that it didnt talk much about the substantiatives that older adults devour from massage therapy. I would have found it more beneficial to understand how older adults benefited from massage therapy in regards to their persistent pain. Another shortcoming of this article, as stated on page 609, is that due to the limited cosmea of evidence-based studies, the benefits of MT are not well understood for older adults, especially in regards to pain (Munk et al. , 2011, p. 609).As well, a wider assortment of patients could be used to see how contrastive types of people or turn backs could benefit from massage therapy. This article was li mited to only the Kentucky population rather than a wider variety of people. With this study being centered near a survey and data analysis I feel that surveys could have been sent out global to get a better understanding of massage therapy and its benefits on a wide variety of conditions. more shortcomings were that there was no real measure of pain or how long it closeed for in the participants.This makes me wonder about the authors conclusion of massage therapy being associated with self-report of less limitation due to physical or aflame issues (Munk et al. , 2011, p. 614). The last short coming of this article was that there was no actual controlled massage therapy taking place, rather it was honest assumed through self reports that massage therapy aid in the management of persistent pain. Article iii Sefton, J. , Yarar, C. , Berry, J. , & Pascoe, D. (2010). Therapeutic massage of the neck and shoulders produces changes in off-base slant combine when assessed with dy namic infrared thermography.The daybook of Alternative and Complimentary Medicine, 16(7), 723-732. The objective of this repeated-measures crossover observational design study was to determine the effect of therapeutical massage on peripheral air menstruate (Yarar et al. , 2010, p. 723). It is suggested that MT may improve circulation to damaged or painful tissues, and thereby improve the delivery of metabolic fuels and gas in addition to accelerated depopulate removal( Yarar et al. , 2010, p. 724). Thus, massage treatment may improve tissue function and potentiate tissue neutering by removing barriers to healing processes (Yarar et al. 2010, p. 724). 17 volunteers were chosen for this study. development a blinded, randomized crossover design, each subject completed the control (C), light touch (LT) and massage (MT) conditions on 3 separate days, at least 1 week apart (Yarar et al. , 2010, p. 724). The participants were then scanned by dynamic infrared thermography (DIRT) a nd anterior, posterior and lateral thermal images were taken. The contraryiate finding of this investigation was that the MT condition produced significantly higher skin temperatures when compared to the control condition in five zones (Yarar et al. , 2010, p. 27). Importantly, significant changes were found in zones 9 and 13, areas adjacent to the massaged areas that did not receive massage treatment (Yarar et al. , 2010, p. 727-728). These results suggest that a 20-minute MT communications protocol can increase skin temperature and peripheral blood perfusion to both the areas receiving massage treatment as well as areas adjacent to the treatment (Yarar et al. , 2010, p. 728). The second key finding in this investigation was that the LT condition did not differ significantly from the C condition (Yarar et al. , 2010, p. 728). Article Three CritiqueThe strengths and shortcomings of this article were that it was, to me, very difficult to transform with the abbreviations througho ut. There was only one method used for measuring the temperature of the skin following massage treatment after a few different methods were mentioned in the beginning. The strengths were that it outlined the changes in every(prenominal) zone after treatment, making it clear what areas benefited from treatment. Much time was taken into the discussion part to better understand the results that came of this study. The graphs on pages 729 and 730 are a great way of screening readers the different affects each treatment had on the zones.The use of DIRT to measure the surface temperature without touching the skin was beneficial to this study because it does not require manage touch to the skin. This allows for accurate results because contact with the skin could by chance increase temperature readings. However, I think further study into other methods of taking temperature could have been done to have more options and a wider variety of results. Different variety of massage therapies, such as relaxation massage versus deep tissue massage, could bring about different results as well. Perhaps with deep tissue massage arterial blood draw would be advance throughout the body.The final shortcoming of this article I thought to be the small sample surface of 17 participants. However, results were rather accurate due to each participant experiencing each of the 3 treatment types. coating to health care I believe these articles are all applicable to health care because each one is related to a type of condition or illness that could benefit from massage therapy. blue birth weight infants are born every day and finding an alternative therapy to helping with growth and development would help in reducing aesculapian be and helps in shortening hospital stays for the families affected.Aging adults are often affected by persistent pain from ware on their bones and joints. As an alternative of using harsh prescription medications, massage therapy would help with medical costs as well as lessen the complications and undesirable side cause that come with taking pills all the time. And lastly, massage therapy being used to help with peripheral blood flow to areas that may have little to no circulation can help with lessoning the chance of DVTs, decrease medical costs and improve healing time. ConclusionIn conclusion, massage therapy is effective in helping low birth weight babies with gaining weight and having shorter hospital stays as well as improvement in management of persistent pain and increase in peripheral blood flow. more studies could be done in regards to other positive effects that massage therapy has such as, mental and emotional health and well being. The articles reviewed in this annotated bibliography showed that very low-birth weight infants can benefit from massage in regards to promoting motor development and weight gain.Massage therapy in older adults experiencing persistent pain, according to self reported findings, improves li mitation due to physical or emotional issues. And therapeutic massage helps with increased surface temperature aiding in peripheral blood flow. References Ho, Y. , Lee, R. , Chow, C. , & Pang, M. (2010). Impact of massage therapy on motor outcomes in very low-birthweight infants Randomized controlled pilot study. Pediatrics international, 52, 378-385. Massage therapy. (2008). In A. Colman (Ed. ), A Dictionary of Psychology (3rd ed. ). Retrieved from http//library. troyal. ca2139/view/10. 1093/acref/9780199534067. 001. 0001/acref- 9780199534067-e-9168? rskey=9C7gUq&result=1&q=massage%20therapy Munk, N. , Kruger, T. , & Zanjani, F. (2011). Massage therapy usage and reported health in older adults. The Journal of Alternative and Complimentary Medicine, 17(7), 609-616. Sefton, J. , Yarar, C. , Berry, J. , & Pascoe, D. (2010). Therapeutic massage of the neck and shoulders produces changes in peripheral blood flow when assessed with dynamic infrared thermography. The Journal of Alternativ e and Complimentary Medicine, 16(7), 723-732.